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List of Presidents of the United States

just a list of dudes

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The White House in Washington, D.C. is the official residence of the President, headquarters of the executive branch, and a prominent symbol of the office.
The official Seal of the President of the United States.

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and face of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the vice president assumes the office. The president must be at least 35 years of age, has to have lived in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.[2] The list does not include any acting presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).[9]

George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. A constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Four presidents—John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison, and George W. Bush—lost the popular vote but assumed office; Bush was subsequently re-elected with a popular majority.

List of presidents

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  Nonpartisan     Federalist     Democratic-Republican     Democratic     Whig     Republican
President Presidency[a] Party Election Previous service Vice President
1   George Washington
1732–1799
(Lived: 67 years)
[10][11][12] 		April 30, 1789[b]
–
March 4, 1797 		  Nonpartisan
[13] 		1
(1788–89) 		Commander-in-Chief
of the
Continental Army
(1775–83) 		John Adams[c][d]
2
(1792)
2   John Adams
1735–1826
(Lived: 90 years)
[14][15][16] 		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 		  Federalist 3
(1796) 		1st
Vice President of the United States 		Thomas Jefferson[e]
[3   Thomas Jefferson
1743–1826
(Lived: 83 years)
[17][18][19] 		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 		  Democratic-
Republican 		4
(1800) 		2nd
Vice President of the United States 		Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
5
(1804) 		George Clinton
March 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809
4   James Madison
1751–1836
(Lived: 85 years)
[20][21][22] 		March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 		  Democratic-
Republican 		6
(1808) 		5th
United States Secretary of State
(1801–09) 		George Clinton
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812[f]
Office vacant
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813[g]
7
(1812) 		Elbridge Gerry
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814[f]
Office vacant
November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817[g]
5   James Monroe
1758–1831
(Lived: 73 years)
[23][24][25] 		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		  Democratic-
Republican 		8
(1816) 		7th
United States Secretary of State
(1811–17) 		Daniel D. Tompkins
9
(1820)
6   John Quincy Adams
1767–1848
(Lived: 80 years)
[26][27][28] 		March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829
   Democratic-
Republican 		10
(1824) 		8th
United States Secretary of State
(1817–25) 		John C. Calhoun
7   Andrew Jackson
1767–1845
(Lived: 78 years)
[29][30][31] 		March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837 		  Democratic 11
(1828) 		U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(1823–25) 		John C. Calhoun
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832[h]
Office vacant
December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833[g]
12
(1832) 		Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8   Martin Van Buren
1782–1862
(Lived: 79 years)
[32][33][34] 		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 		  Democratic 13
(1836) 		8th
Vice President of the United States 		Richard Mentor Johnson
9   William Henry Harrison
1773–1841
(Lived: 68 years)
[35][36][37] 		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841[f] 		  Whig 14
(1840) 		United States Minister to Colombia
(1828–29) 		John Tyler[i]
10   John Tyler[j]
1790–1862
(Lived: 71 years)
[38][39][40] 		April 4, 1841
–
March 4, 1845 		  Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841 		10th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant[g]
  Independent
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845[k]
11   James K. Polk
1795–1849
(Lived: 53 years)
[41][42][43] 		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		  Democratic 15
(1844) 		9th
Governor of Tennessee
(1839–41) 		George M. Dallas
12   Zachary Taylor
1784–1850
(Lived: 65 years)
[44][45][46] 		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850[f] 		  Whig 16
(1848) 		Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment
United States Army
(1846–49) 		Millard Fillmore[i]
13   Millard Fillmore
1800–1874
(Lived: 74 years)
[47][48][49] 		July 9, 1850
–
March 4, 1853 		  Whig 12th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant[g]
14   Franklin Pierce
1804–1869
(Lived: 64 years)
[50][51][52] 		March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 		  Democratic 17
(1852) 		Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry
United States Army
(1847–48) 		William R. King
March 4 – April 18, 1853[f]
Office vacant
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857[g]
15   James Buchanan
1791–1868
(Lived: 77 years)
[53][54][55] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		  Democratic 18
(1856) 		United States Minister to the
Court of St James's
(1853–56) 		John C. Breckinridge
16   Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865
(Lived: 56 years)
[56][57][58] 		March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865[f] 		  Republican
(National Union)[l] 		19
(1860) 		U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th
(1847–49) 		Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
20
(1864) 		Andrew Johnson
March 4 – April 15, 1865[i]
17   Andrew Johnson
1808–1875
(Lived: 66 years)
[59][60][61] 		April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869 		  Democratic
(National Union)
[l]
Unaffiliated[m] 		16th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant[g]
18   Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885
(Lived: 63 years)
[62][63][64] 		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877 		  Republican 21
(1868) 		Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–69) 		Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
22
(1872) 		Henry Wilson
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875[f]
Office vacant
November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877[g]
19   Rutherford B. Hayes
1822–1893
(Lived: 70 years)
[65][66][67] 		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		  Republican 23
(1876) 		32nd
Governor of Ohio
(1868–72 & 1876–77) 		William A. Wheeler
20   James A. Garfield
1831–1881
(Lived: 49 years)
[68][69][70] 		March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881[f] 		  Republican 24
(1880) 		U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th
(1863–81) 		Chester A. Arthur[i]
21   Chester A. Arthur
1829–1886
(Lived: 57 years)
[71][72][73] 		September 19, 1881
–
March 4, 1885 		  Republican 20th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant[g]
22   Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[74][75] 		March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889 		  Democratic 25
(1884) 		28th
Governor of New York
(1883–85) 		Thomas A. Hendricks
March 4 – November 25, 1885[f]
Office vacant
November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889[g]
23   Benjamin Harrison
1833–1901
(Lived: 67 years)
[76][77][78] 		March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893 		  Republican 26
(1888) 		U.S. Senator from Indiana
(1881–87) 		Levi P. Morton
24   Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[74][75] 		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		  Democratic 27
(1892) 		22nd
President of the United States
(1885–89) 		Adlai Stevenson
25   William McKinley
1843–1901
(Lived: 58 years)
[79][80][81] 		March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901
[f] 		  Republican 28
(1896) 		39th
Governor of Ohio
(1892–96) 		Garret Hobart
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899[f]
Office vacant
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901[g]
29
(1900) 		Theodore Roosevelt
March 4 – September 14, 1901[i]
26   Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919
(Lived: 60 years)
[82][83][84] 		September 14, 1901
–
March 4, 1909 		  Republican 25th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905[g]
30
(1904) 		Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27   William Howard Taft
1857–1930
(Lived: 72 years)
[85][86][87] 		March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913 		  Republican 31
(1908) 		42nd
United States Secretary of War
(1904–08) 		James S. Sherman
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912[f]
Office vacant
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913[g]
28   Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924
(Lived: 67 years)
[88][89][90] 		March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 		  Democratic 32
(1912) 		34th
Governor of New Jersey
(1911–13) 		Thomas R. Marshall
33
(1916)
29   Warren G. Harding
1865–1923
(Lived: 57 years)
[91][92][93] 		March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923[f] 		  Republican 34
(1920) 		U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–21) 		Calvin Coolidge[i]
30   Calvin Coolidge
1872–1933
(Lived: 60 years)
[94][95][96] 		August 2, 1923
–
March 4, 1929 		  Republican 29th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925[g]
35
(1924) 		Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31   Herbert Hoover
1874–1964
(Lived: 90 years)
[97][98][99] 		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		  Republican 36
(1928) 		3rd
United States Secretary of Commerce
(1921–28) 		Charles Curtis
32   Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
(Lived: 63 years)
[100][101][102] 		March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945[f] 		  Democratic 37
(1932) 		44th
Governor of New York
(1929–32) 		John Nance Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941[n]
38
(1936)
39
(1940) 		Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
40
(1944) 		Harry S. Truman
January 20 – April 12, 1945[i]
33   Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
(Lived: 88 years)
[103][104][105] 		April 12, 1945
–
January 20, 1953 		  Democratic 34th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949[g]
41
(1948) 		Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34   Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
(Lived: 78 years)
[106][107][108] 		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 		  Republican 42
(1952) 		Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–52) 		Richard Nixon
43
(1956)
35   John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
(Lived: 46 years)
[109][110][111] 		January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963[f] 		  Democratic 44
(1960) 		U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(1953–60) 		Lyndon B. Johnson[i]
36   Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
(Lived: 64 years)
[112][113] 		November 22, 1963
–
January 20, 1969 		  Democratic 37th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965[g]
45
(1964) 		Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
37   Richard Nixon
1913–1994
(Lived: 81 years)
[114][115][116] 		January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974[h] 		  Republican 46
(1968) 		36th
Vice President of the United States
(1953–61) 		Spiro Agnew
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973[h]
47
(1972)
Office vacant
October 10 – December 6, 1973[g]
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974[i]
38   Gerald Ford
1913–2006
(Lived: 93 years)
[117][118][119] 		August 9, 1974
–
January 20, 1977 		  Republican 40th
Vice President of the United States 		Office vacant
August 9 – December 19, 1974[g]
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39   Jimmy Carter
Born 1924
(100 years old)
[120][121][122] 		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 		  Democratic 48
(1976) 		76th
Governor of Georgia
(1971–75) 		Walter Mondale
40   Ronald Reagan
1911–2004
(Lived: 93 years)
[123][124][125] 		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 		  Republican 49
(1980) 		33rd
Governor of California
(1967–75) 		George H. W. Bush
50
(1984)
41   George H. W. Bush
1924–2018
(Lived: 94 years)
[126][127][128] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		  Republican 51
(1988) 		43rd
Vice President of the United States 		Dan Quayle
42   Bill Clinton
Born 1946
(78 years old)
[129][130][131] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 		  Democratic 52
(1992) 		40th & 42nd
Governor of Arkansas
(1979–81 & 1983–92) 		Al Gore
53
(1996)
43   George W. Bush
Born 1946
(78 years old)
[132][133] 		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 		  Republican 54
(2000) 		46th
Governor of Texas
(1995–2000) 		Dick Cheney
55
(2004)
44   Barack Obama
Born 1961
(63 years old)
[134][135] 		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 		  Democratic 56
(2008) 		U.S. Senator from Illinois
(2005–08) 		Joe Biden
57
(2012)

Living former presidents

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Apparently Wiki has missed something. Yup this is a Beta Cluster alrighty. Presently, there are five living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was that of George H. W. Bush (served 1989–93) on November 30, 2018 (aged 94 years, 171 days).

Living as of December 2024
President Term of office Date of birth
39 Jimmy Carter 1977–1981 (1924-10-01) October 1, 1924 (age 100)
42 Bill Clinton 1993–2001 (1946-08-19) August 19, 1946 (age 78)
43 George W. Bush 2001–2009 (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 78)
44 Barack Obama 2009-2017 (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 63)
45 Donald J. Trump 2017-2021 (1946-06-14) June 14, 1946 (age 78)


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Timeline

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Further information: Timeline of Presidents of the United States

See also

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  • [[Archivo:
  1. REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:Iconos|20px|Ver el portal sobre United States]] Portal:United States. Contenido relacionado con United States.

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Presidencies

Notes

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  1. ^ A presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ^ Due to logistical delays, instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin, George Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later. As a result, his first term was only Expression error: Unexpected < operator. days long (as opposed to the usual Expression error: Unexpected < operator.), and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
  3. ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during George Washington's first term, John Adams joined the faction which became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.
  4. ^ Due to logistical delays, John Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only Expression error: Unexpected < operator. days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who neither died in office nor resigned.
  5. ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Died in office, either by natural causes or assassination.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the Vice Presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  8. ^ a b c Resigned.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Succeeded to the presidency.
  10. ^ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set the precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "acting president", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  11. ^ John Tyler, a former Democrat, ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with William Henry Harrison in 1841. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  12. ^ a b Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, with Andrew Johnson, a War Democrat, as his running mate, on the National Union Party ticket.
  13. ^ Democrat Andrew Johnson, ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Abraham Lincoln in 1864. While president, he tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  14. ^ The 20th Amendment, ratified January 23, 1933, moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20, beginning in 1937. As a result, John Nance Garner's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.

References

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  1. ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
  2. ^ "Excerpts from "Forgotten Presidents" – The Patriots Handbook, by George Grant". Harrold.org. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  3. ^ Cleaves, Freeman (1939). Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 152.
  4. ^ Ingersoll, Jared. "Death of the President". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  5. ^ Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove – Warren G. Harding in His Times. Easton Press. p. 591. ISBN 0070543380.
  6. ^ a b Martin, Paul "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard", Smithsonian Magazine, April 8, 2010, Retrieved November 15, 2010
  7. ^ Donald (1996), p. 597.
  8. ^ "Big Ben Parker and President McKinley's Assassination". Math.buffalo.edu. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  9. ^ "Nixon Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  10. ^ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  11. ^ "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  12. ^ "Life Portrait of George Washington". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  13. ^ "George Washington's views on political parties in America | Washington Times Communities". Communities.washingtontimes.com. March 9, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  14. ^ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  15. ^ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  16. ^ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  17. ^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  18. ^ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  19. ^ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  20. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  21. ^ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  22. ^ "Life Portrait of James Madison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  23. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  24. ^ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  25. ^ "Life Portrait of James Monroe". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  26. ^ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  27. ^ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  28. ^ "Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  29. ^ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  30. ^ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  31. ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  32. ^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  33. ^ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  34. ^ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  35. ^ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  36. ^ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  37. ^ "Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  38. ^ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  39. ^ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  40. ^ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  41. ^ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  42. ^ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  43. ^ "Life Portrait of James K. Polk". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  44. ^ "Biography of Zachary Taylor". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  45. ^ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  46. ^ "Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  47. ^ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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