Laurasiatheria
Laurasiatheria is the scientific name of a large group of placental mammals believed to have originated on the northern supercontinent of Laurasia. It includes shrews, hedgehogs, pangolins, bats, whales, most hoofed mammals, and carnivorans, among others.
| Laurasiatheria | |
|---|---|
| |
| Clockwise from the upper left: giraffe, golden crown fruit bat, lion, hedgehog | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Subclass: | Theria |
| Infraclass: | Eutheria |
| Magnorder: | Boreoeutheria |
| Superorder: | Laurasiatheria Waddell et al., 1999[1] |
| Orders | |
Classification and phylogeny edit
Laurasiatheria was discovered on the basis of the similar gene sequences shared by the mammals belonging to it; no anatomical features have yet been found that unite the group. Laurasiatheria is a clade usually discussed without a Linnaean rank, but has been assigned the rank of cohort or magnorder, and superorder. The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and retrotransposon presence/absence data. The name comes from the theory that these mammals evolved on the supercontinent of Laurasia, after it split from Gondwana when Pangaea broke up. It is a sister group to Euarchontoglires (or Supraprimates) with which it forms the clade Boreoeutheria. Laurasiatheria includes the following extant taxa:
- Eulipotyphla, having subsumed:
- Erinaceomorpha: hedgehogs and gymnures (see Erinaceidae)
- the remaining families of Soricomorpha: moles, shrews, solenodons (cosmopolitan distribution)
- Chiroptera: bats (cosmopolitan)
- Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates including horses, tapirs and rhinoceroses
- Cetartiodactyla[2] (unranked) containing the orders:
- Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates including camels, pigs, ruminants (giraffes, deer, antelopes, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) and hippopotamuses; now recognized to be paraphyletic
- Cetacea: whales, dolphins, and porpoises
- Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates including camels, pigs, ruminants (giraffes, deer, antelopes, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) and hippopotamuses; now recognized to be paraphyletic
- Ferae (unranked) containing the orders:
Uncertainty still exists regarding the phylogenetic tree for extant laurasiatherians, primarily due to disagreement about the placement of Chiroptera and Perissodactyla. Based on morphological grounds, Chiroptera had long been classified in the superorder Archonta (e.g. along with treeshrews and the gliding colugos) until genetic research instead showed their kinship with the other laurasiatherians.[3] The studies conflicted in terms of the exact placement of Chiroptera, however, with it being linked most closely to groups such as Eulipotyphla,[4] Ferae[5] or with Perissodactyla and Ferae in the Pegasoferae proposal.[6] A recent study (Zhou et al., 2011[7]) found that "trees reconstructed [...] for the 1,608-gene data set fully support [...] a basal position for Eulipotyphla and a more apical position for Chiroptera" (see cladogram below) and concluded that "Pegasoferae [...] does [sic] not appear to be a natural group." The most recent study (Nery et al., 2012[8]) supports the conclusions of Zhou et al. using a large genomic dataset, placing Eulipotyphla as a basal order and Chiroptera as sister to Cetartiodactyla, with maximal support for all nodes of their phylogenetic tree. The exact position of Perissodactyla remains less certain, with some studies linking it with Ferae into a proposed clade Zooamata while others unite it with Cetartiodactyla into Euungulata, a clade of 'true ungulates'; Zhou et al. found better (but not full) support for the latter, while Nery et al. found Perissodactyla to be sister to Carnivora.
Template:Laurasiatheria Cladogram
Laurasiatheria is also posited to include several extinct orders and superorders:
References edit
- ^ doi:10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - ^ Nikaido, M., Rooney, A. P. & Okada, N. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (18): 10261–10266. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10261. PMC 17876. PMID 10468596. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ doi:10.1007/PL00006430
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - ^ doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00427-3
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - ^ doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.002
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - ^ doi:10.1073/pnas.0603797103
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - ^ doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - ^ doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.012
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Further reading edit
- doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000384
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - doi:10.1126/science.1067179
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand - Template:Cite pmid
- doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103
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External links edit
Data related to Laurasiatheria at Wikispecies
