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Jurassic

Template:Geological period The Jurassic (/dʒuːˈræsɪk/; from Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that extends from 201.4Template:Period start error Ma (million years ago) to 145Template:Period end error Ma; from the end of the Triassic to the beginning of the Cretaceous. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Two other extinction events occurred during the period: the Late Pliensbachian/Early Toarcian event in the Early Jurassic, and the Late Tithonian event at the end; however, neither event ranks among the 'Big Five' mass extinctions. The Jurassic is named after the Jura Mountains within the European Alps, where limestone strata from the period were first identified. By the beginning of the Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea had begun rifting into two landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south. This created more coastlines and shifted the continental climate from dry to humid, and many of the arid deserts of the Triassic were replaced by lush rainforests. On land, the fauna transitioned from the Triassic fauna, dominated by both dinosauromorph and crocodylomorph archosaurs, to one dominated by dinosaurs alone. The first birds also appeared during the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. Other major events include the appearance of the earliest lizards, and the evolution of therian mammals, including primitive placentals. Crocodylians made the transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic mode of life. The oceans were inhabited by marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, while pterosaurs were the dominant flying vertebrates. Test123.

Etymology

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The chronostratigraphic term "Jurassic" is directly linked to the Jura Mountains. Alexander von Humboldt recognized the mainly limestone dominated mountain range of the Jura Mountains as a separate formation that had not been included in the established stratigraphic system defined by Abraham Gottlob Werner, and he named it "Jurakalk" in 1795.[1][2][3][4] The name "Jura" is derived from the Celtic root "jor", which was Latinised into "juria", meaning forest (i.e., "Jura" is forest mountains).[2][3][5]

Divisions

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Template:Jurassic graphical timeline

The Jurassic period is divided into the Early Jurassic, Middle, and Late Jurassic epochs. The Jurassic System, in stratigraphy, is divided into the Lower Jurassic, Middle, and Upper Jurassic series of rock formations, also known as Lias, Dogger and Malm in Europe.[6] The separation of the term Jurassic into three sections goes back to Leopold von Buch.[4] The faunal stages from youngest to oldest are:

Upper/Late Jurassic
  Tithonian (149.2 Template:Period start error – 145 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Kimmeridgian (154.8 Template:Period start error – 149.2 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Oxfordian (161.5 Template:Period start error – 154.8 Template:Period end error Mya)
Middle Jurassic
  Callovian (165.3 Template:Period start error – 161.5 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Bathonian (168.2 Template:Period start error – 165.3 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Bajocian (170.9 Template:Period start error – 168.2 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Aalenian (174.7 Template:Period start error – 170.9 Template:Period end error Mya)
Lower/Early Jurassic
  Toarcian (184.2 Template:Period start error – 174.7 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Pliensbachian (192.9 Template:Period start error – 184.2 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Sinemurian (199.5 Template:Period start error – 192.9 Template:Period end error Mya)
  Hettangian (201.4 Template:Period start error – 199.5 Template:Period end error Mya)
 
Various dinosaurs roamed forests of similarly large conifers during the Jurassic period.

Paleogeography and tectonics

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During the early Jurassic period, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart.[7] The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed.

The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen.[8] In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface.[9] Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation.

The Jurassic was a time of calcite sea geochemistry in which low-magnesium calcite was the primary inorganic marine precipitate of calcium carbonate. Carbonate hardgrounds were thus very common, along with calcitic ooids, calcitic cements, and invertebrate faunas with dominantly calcitic skeletons (Stanley and Hardie, 1998, 1999).

The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny.[10] Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.

In Africa, Early Jurassic strata are distributed in a similar fashion to Late Triassic beds, with more common outcrops in the south and less common fossil beds which are predominated by tracks to the north.[11] As the Jurassic proceeded, larger and more iconic groups of dinosaurs like sauropods and ornithopods proliferated in Africa.[11] Middle Jurassic strata are neither well represented nor well studied in Africa.[11] Late Jurassic strata are also poorly represented apart from the spectacular Tendeguru fauna in Tanzania.[11] The Late Jurassic life of Tendeguru is very similar to that found in western North America's Morrison Formation.[11]

Fauna

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Aquatic and marine

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During the Jurassic period, the primary vertebrates living in the sea were fish and marine reptiles. The latter include ichthyosaurs, who were at the peak of their diversity, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs, and marine crocodiles of the families Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae.[12] Numerous turtles could be found in lakes and rivers.[13][14]

In the invertebrate world, several new groups appeared, including rudists (a reef-forming variety of bivalves) and belemnites. Calcareous sabellids (Glomerula) appeared in the Early Jurassic.[15][16] The Jurassic also had diverse encrusting and boring (sclerobiont) communities, and it saw a significant rise in the bioerosion of carbonate shells and hardgrounds. Especially common is the ichnogenus (trace fossil) Gastrochaenolites.[17]

During the Jurassic period, about four or five of the twelve clades of planktonic organisms that exist in the fossil record either experienced a massive evolutionary radiation or appeared for the first time.[6]

Terrestrial

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On land, various archosaurian reptiles remained dominant. The Jurassic was a golden age for the large herbivorous dinosaurs known as the sauropods—Camarasaurus, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Brachiosaurus, and many others—that roamed the land late in the period; their mainstays were either the prairies of ferns, palm-like cycads and bennettitales, or the higher coniferous growth, according to their adaptations. They were preyed upon by large theropods, such as Ceratosaurus, Megalosaurus, Torvosaurus and Allosaurus. All these belong to the 'lizard hipped' or saurischian branch of the dinosaurs.[18] During the Late Jurassic, the first avialans, like Archaeopteryx, evolved from small coelurosaurian dinosaurs. Ornithischian dinosaurs were less predominant than saurischian dinosaurs, although some, like stegosaurs and small ornithopods, played important roles as small and medium-to-large (but not sauropod-sized) herbivores. In the air, pterosaurs were common; they ruled the skies, filling many ecological roles now taken by birds.[19] Within the undergrowth were various types of early mammals, as well as tritylodonts, lizard-like sphenodonts, and early lissamphibians.

The rest of the Lissamphibia evolved in this period, introducing the first salamanders and caecilians.[20]

Flora

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Conifers were the dominant land plants of the Jurassic

The arid, continental conditions characteristic of the Triassic steadily eased during the Jurassic period, especially at higher latitudes; the warm, humid climate allowed lush jungles to cover much of the landscape.[21] Gymnosperms were relatively diverse during the Jurassic period.[6] The Conifers in particular dominated the flora, as during the Triassic; they were the most diverse group and constituted the majority of large trees.

Extant conifer families that flourished during the Jurassic included the Araucariaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae, Taxaceae and Taxodiaceae.[22] The extinct Mesozoic conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae dominated low latitude vegetation, as did the shrubby Bennettitales.[23] Cycads were also common, as were ginkgos and Dicksoniaceous tree ferns in the forest.[6] Smaller ferns were probably the dominant undergrowth. Caytoniaceous seed ferns were another group of important plants during this time and are thought to have been shrub to small-tree sized.[24] Ginkgo plants were particularly common in the mid- to high northern latitudes.[6] In the Southern Hemisphere, podocarps were especially successful, while Ginkgos and Czekanowskiales were rare.[21][23]

In the oceans, modern coralline algae appeared for the first time.[6] however, they were apart of another major extinction that happens within the next major time period.

Notes

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  1. ^ Humboldt names the Jura limestone ("Jurakalk") deposits in: Alexander von Humboldt, Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel, ihren Nachteil zu vermindern, ein Beitrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde [On the types of subterranean gases and means of minimizing their harm, a contribution to the physics of practical mining] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Vieweg, 1799), p. 39. He explains that coined the name during a tour of the region in 1795 in: Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos, volume 4 (Stuttgart, (Germany): Cotta, 1858), p. 332.
  2. ^ a b Hölder, H. 1964. Jura — Handbuch der stratigraphischen Geologie, IV. Enke-Verlag, 603 pp., 158 figs, 43 tabs; Stuttgart
  3. ^ a b Arkell, W.J. 1956. Jurassic Geology of the World. Oliver & Boyd, 806 pp.; Edinburgh und London.
  4. ^ a b Pieńkowski, G.; Schudack, M.E.; Bosák, P.; Enay, R.; Feldman-Olszewska, A.; Golonka, J.; Gutowski, J.; Herngreen, G.F.W.; Jordan, P.; Krobicki, M.; Lathuiliere, B.; Leinfelder, R.R.; Michalík, J.; Mönnig, E.; Noe-Nygaard, N.; Pálfy, J.; Pint, A.; Rasser, M.W.; Reisdorf, A.G.; Schmid, D.U.; Schweigert, G.; Surlyk, F.; Wetzel, A. & Theo E. Wong, T.E. 2008. Jurassic. In: McCann, T. (ed.): The Geology of Central Europe. Volume 2: Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Geological Society, pp.: 823-922; London.
  5. ^ Rollier, L. 1903. Das Schweizerische Juragebirge. Sonderabdruck aus dem Geographischen Lexikon der Schweiz, Verlag von Gebr. Attinger, 39 pp; Neuenburg
  6. ^ a b c d e f Kazlev, M. Alan (2002) Palaeos website Accessed July. 22, 2008
  7. ^ Late Jurassic
  8. ^ Jurassic Period
  9. ^ map
  10. ^ Monroe and Wicander, 607.
  11. ^ a b c d e Jacobs, Louis, L. (1997). "African Dinosaurs". Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Edited by Phillip J. Currie and Kevin Padian. Academic Press. p. 2-4.
  12. ^ Motani, R. (2000), Rulers of the Jurassic Seas, Scientific American vol.283, no. 6
  13. ^ Wings, Oliver; Rabi, Márton; Schneider, Jörg W.; Schwermann, Leonie; Zhou, Ge; Joyce, Walter G. (2012), "An enormous Jurassic turtle bone bed from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China", Naturwissenschaften: The Science of Nature, 114, Bibcode:2012NW.....99..925W, doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0974-5 {{citation}}: |first6= missing |last6= (help)
  14. ^ Gannon, Megan (October 31, 2012), "Jurassic turtle graveyard found in China", Livescience.com
  15. ^ Vinn, O.; Mutvei, H. (2009). "Calcareous tubeworms of the Phanerozoic" (PDF). Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences. 58 (4): 286–296. doi:10.3176/earth.2009.4.07. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  16. ^ Vinn, O.; ten Hove, H.A.; Mutvei, H. (2008). "On the tube ultrastructure and origin of calcification in sabellids (Annelida, Polychaeta)". Palaeontology. 51: 295–301. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00763.x. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  17. ^ Taylor, P. D.; Wilson, M. A. (2003). "Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities". Earth-Science Reviews. 62 (1–2): 1–103. Bibcode:2003ESRv...62....1T. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9.
  18. ^ Haines, Tim (2000). Walking with Dinosaurs: A Natural History. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-5187-5.
  19. ^ Feduccia, A. (1996). The Origin and Evolution of Birds. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06460-8.
  20. ^ Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: WH Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1822-7.
  21. ^ a b Haines, 2000.
  22. ^ Behrensmeyer et al., 1992, 349.
  23. ^ a b Behrensmeyer et al., 1992, 352
  24. ^ Behrensmeyer et al., 1992, 353

References

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  • Behrensmeyer, Anna K., Damuth, J.D., DiMichele, W.A., Potts, R., Sues, H.D. & Wing, S.L. (eds.) (1992), Terrestrial Ecosystems through Time: the Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, ISBN 0-226-04154-9 (cloth), ISBN 0-226-04155-7 (paper).
  • Haines, Tim (2000) Walking with Dinosaurs: A Natural History, New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., p. 65. ISBN 0-563-38449-2.
  • Kazlev, M. Alan (2002) Palaeos website Accessed Jan. 8, 2006.
  • Mader, Sylvia (2004) Biology, eighth edition.
  • Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander. (1997) The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution, 2nd ed. Belmont: West Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-314-09577-2.
  • Ogg, Jim; June, 2004, Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's), International Commission on Stratigraphy, pp. 17
  • Stanley, S.M. and Hardie, L.A. (1998). "Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 144: 3–19.
  • Stanley, S.M. and Hardie, L.A. (1999). "Hypercalcification; paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology". GSA Today 9: 1–7.
  • Taylor, P.D. and Wilson, M.A., 2003. Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities. Earth-Science Reviews 62: 1–103. [1].
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