Symphorosa
Saint Symphorosa (Italian: [Simforosa, Sinforosa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) (died ca. 138 AD) is venerated as a Christian saint. According to tradition, she was martyred with her seven sons at Tibur (Tivoli) towards the end of the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117–138).
| Saint Symphorosa | |
|---|---|
| Martyr | |
| Died | ~138 AD Tibur (Tivoli), Italy |
| Honored in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Major shrine | Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, Rome |
| Feast | 18 July |
| Patronage | Tivoli |
The story of their martyrdom is told in an old Passio, the reliability of which is seriously questioned by many modern hagiologists. According to this Passio, Symphorosa was a lady living at Tibur, the widow of the tribune, St. Getulius, who had previously been martyred by Emperor Hadrian at Gabii, now Torri, a town of the Sabines.
When Hadrian had completed his costly palace at Tibur and began its dedication by offering sacrifices, he received the following response from the gods: "The widow Symphorosa and her sons torment us daily by invoking their God. If she and her sons offer sacrifice, we promise to give you all that you ask for."
When all the emperor's attempts to induce Symphorosa and her sons to sacrifice to the gods were unsuccessful, he ordered her to be brought to the Temple of Hercules, where, after various tortures, she was thrown into the river Anio, with a heavy rock fastened to her neck.
Her brother Eugenius, who was a member of the council of Tibur, buried her in the outskirts of the city.
Symphorosa's seven sons edit
The next day, the emperor summoned her seven sons, and being equally unsuccessful in his attempts to make them sacrifice to the gods, he ordered them to be tied to seven stakes erected for the purpose round the Temple of Hercules. Their members were disjointed with windlasses.
Then, each of them suffered a different kind of martyrdom. Crescens was pierced through the throat, Julian through the breast, Nemesius through the heart, Primitivus was wounded at the navel, Justinus was pierced through the back, Stracteus (Stacteus, Estacteus) was wounded at the side, and Eugenius was cleft in two parts from top to bottom.
Their bodies were thrown into a deep ditch at a place the pagan priests afterwards called Ad septem Biothanatos. (The Greek word biodanatos, or rather biaiodanatos, was employed for self-murderers and, by the pagans, applied to Christians who suffered martyrdom). Hereupon the persecution ceased for one year and six months, (during which period the bodies of the martyrs were buried on the Via Tiburtina, eight or nine miles (14 km) from Rome.
Authenticity edit
It is difficult to ascertain how much reliability these Acts possess. The opinion that they were written by Julius Africanus (third century) has been almost universally rejected, since neither Eusebius nor any other historian of that period makes the least allusion to any Acts of Roman or Italian martyrs composed by this African writer.
The "Hieronymian Martyrology," which was compiled by an unknown author in the second half of the fifth century, commemorates St. Symphorosa and her sons on 18 July, but here the names of her sons are entirely different from those given in the Acts. One of the manuscripts (codex Bernensis) of this martyrology states that the Acts of these martyrs are extant: "quorum gesta habentur" ("Martyrologium Hieronymianum," edited by De Rossi and Duchesne in Acta SS. Novembris II, I, 93).
Since here the names of Symphorosa's sons are different from those of the Acts we possess, there must have existed some other "Gesta" to which the author of the martyrology refers. In the same martyrology, on 27 June, are commemorated seven brother- martyrs, whose names are identical with those our Acts assign to the sons of Symphorosa. It is probable that the author of the Acts, guided by the tradition that Symphorosa had seven sons who were martyred, made her the mother of the seven martyrs, whom he found mentioned in the martyrology on 27 June. If this is the case, we may infer, provided Symphorosa had seven sons at all, that their names were not those mentioned in the Acts. Whether they were those assigned to them in the "Hieronymian Martyrology" will also remain doubtful as long as we have no certainty that the "Gesta" to which the author refers are authentic. Paul Allard dealt with her story uncritically in his work.
Some hagiologists consider the seven sons of Symphorosa, like those of Felicitas of Rome a mere adaptation of the seven sons of the Maccabean Mother. In the seventeenth century, Bosio discovered the ruins of a basilica at the place popularly called "le sette fratte" (the seven brothers), on the Via Tiburtina, nine miles (14 km) from Rome. (Bosio, "Roma Sotteranea," 105-9).
The Acts and the "Hieronymian Martyrology" agree in designating this spot as the tomb of Symphorosa and her sons. Further discoveries, that leave no room for doubt that the basilica was built over their tomb, were made by Stevenson. The remains were transferred to the Church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria at Rome by Pope Stephen II in 752. A sarcophagus was found here in 1610, bearing the inscription: Hic requiescunt corpora SS. Martyrum Simforosae, viri sui Zotici (Getulii) et Filiorum ejus a Stephano Papa translata.
Veneration edit
The Diocese of Tivoli honours them as patron saints and they are mentioned in the Roman Martyrology on 18 July. However, they are no longer included in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints who must be commemorated wherever the Roman Rite is celebrated. The reason given for their removal was that the information given in their Acts, which are thought to be an imitation of the Passio of Saint Felicitas of Rome and her seven sons, are not trustworthy.[1]
In medieval times Settecamini was called "Field of Seven Brothers" in relation to the legend of Saint Symphorosa and her seven children.
There is a St Symphorosa Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois.
References edit
- ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 130
External links edit
- Symphorosa at the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Catholic Culture: St. Symphorosa
- (in Italian) Santa Sinforosa e sette figli
- (in Spanish) Sinforosa y sus siete hijos, mártires (s. II)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |1=, |month=, and |coauthors= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)