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Mandrill

Species of Old World monkey from Africa
This article is about the primate. For other uses, see Mandrill (disambiguation).

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Male mandrill at the Berlin Zoo
Conservation status
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Species: Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics
Binomial name
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Mandrill distribution
Synonyms

Simia sphinx Linnaeus, 1758

The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is a large Old World monkey native to west central Africa. It is one of the most colorful mammals in the world, with red and blue skin on its face and posterior. The species is sexually dimorphic, as males have a larger body, longer canine teeth and brighter coloring. Its closest living relative is the drill with which it shares the genus Mandrillus. Both species were traditionally thought to be baboons, but further evidence has shown that they are more closely related to white-eyelid mangabeys.

Mandrills mainly live in tropical rainforests but will also travel across savannas. They are active during the day and spend most of their time on the ground. Their preferred foods are fruit and seeds, but mandrills will consume leaves, piths, mushrooms, and animals from insects to juvenile antelope. Mandrills live in large, stable groups known as "hordes" which can number in the hundreds. Females form the core of these groups, while adult males are solitary and only reunite with the larger groups during the breeding season. Dominant males have the most vibrant colors and fattest flanks and rumps, and have the most success siring young.

The mandrill is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its biggest threats are habitat destruction and hunting for bushmeat. Gabon is considered the stronghold for the species. Its habitat has declined in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, while its range in the Republic of the Congo is limited

Etymology

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The word mandrill is derived from the English words man and drill—the latter meaning Template:Gloss or Template:Gloss and being West African in origin—and dated to 1744.[3][4][5] The name appears to have originally referred to chimpanzees.[6] The first scholar to record the name for the colorful monkey was Georges-Louis Buffon in 1766. It was called the "tufted ape", "great baboon" and "ribbernosed baboon" by Thomas Pennant in A Synopsis of Quadrupeds (1771) and A History of Quadrupeds (1781).[7]

Taxonomy

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The mandrill was first scientifically depicted in Historia animalium (1551–1558) by Conrad Gessner, who considered it a kind of hyena.[8] The species was formally classified by Carl Linnaeus as Simia sphinx in 1758. Its current generic name Mandrillus was coined by Ferdinand Ritgen in 1824.[9]

Historically, some scientists placed the mandrill and the closely related drill (M. leucophaeus) in the baboon genus Papio. Morphological and genetic studies in the late 20th and early 21st centuries found a closer relationship to white-eyelid mangabeys of the genus Cercocebus. Some have even proposed that the mandrill and drill belong to Cercocebus.[10] Two genetic studies in 2011 clarified Mandrillus and Cercocebus as separate sister lineages.[11][12] The two genera split around 4.5 million years ago (mya) while the mandrill and drill split approximately 3.17 mya. Fossils of Mandrillus have not been found.[13]

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Some authorities have divided mandrill populations into subspecies: the northern mandrill (M. s. sphinx) and the southern mandrill (M. s. madarogaster). A proposed third subspecies, M. s. insularis, was based on the mistaken belief that mandrills are present on Bioko Island.[14][15] The consensus is that mandrills belong to one subspecies (M. s. sphinx).[16]

Cytochrome-b sequences suggest that mandrill populations north and south of the Ogooué River split 800,000 years ago and belong to distinct haplogroups. This divergence appears to have also led to the splitting of the mandrill strain of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV).[17] The draft (incomplete) genome of the mandrill was published in 2020, with a reported genome size of 2.90 giga–base-pairs and high levels of heterozygosity.[18]

Appearance

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Skull of male mandrill, showing the long canines and ridged bone swellings

The mandrill has a stocky body with a large head and muzzle, as well as a short and stumpy tail.[19] The limbs are evenly sized and the fingers and toes are more elongated than those in baboons,[20] with a more opposable big toe on the feet.[21] The mandrill is the most sexually dimorphic primate,[22] and the adult male is considered to be the largest monkey.[23] Females are less stocky and have shorter, flatter snouts.[19] Males have a 70–95 cm (28–37 in) head-body length and weigh 19–30 kg (42–66 lb) while females have a 55–70 cm (22–28 in) head-body length and weigh 10–15 kg (22–33 lb).[24] Most of the teeth are larger in males[25] and the canine teeth reach up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) and 1 cm (0.39 in) long for males and females respectively.[22] Both sexes have 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) long tails.[24]

The coat of the mandrill is primarily grizzled or banded olive-brown with a yellow-orange beard and sparse, light hairs on its underside.[19][24] The lips are surrounded by stiff white whiskers, and white bare skin exists behind the ears. Male mandrills have a "crest" of long hairs on the head and neck, while both sexes have chest glands which are covered by long hairs. The face, rump and genitals have less hair.[26]

 
Male and female mandrills, showing size and color dimorphism

Mandrills have a red line running down the middle of their face which connects to their red nose. On either side of the line, the skin is blue and grooved.[24][27] In males, the blue skin is supported by ridged bone swellings. Females have more subdued facial coloring, but this can vary between individuals with some having stronger red and blue hues and others being darker or almost black.[28] In males, the rump and areas around the genitals are multi-colored, consisting of red, pink, blue and purple skin,[20][28] with a red penis shaft and violet scrotum. The genital and anal areas of the female are red.[29]

whizwit

  1. ^ a b Template:Cite iucn
  2. ^ Linné, C. v. (1758). "Simia sphinx". Systema naturæ. Regnum animale. Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Sumptibus Guilielmi Engelmann. p. 25.
  3. ^ "Mandrill". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  4. ^ Ayto, John (2005). Word Origins: The Hidden Histories of English Words from A to Z. A & C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7136-7498-9.
  5. ^ Huxley, Thomas Henry (1872). Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature. D. Appleton and Company. p. 20.
  6. ^ Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). The Encyclopaedia Britannica A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature: Volume 15. University of Michigan. pp. 476–477.
  7. ^ Dixson 2015, pp. 3–4.
  8. ^ Dixson 2015, p. 3.
  9. ^ Groves, Colin P. (1982). "Primates; Simiiformes; Catarrhini; Cercopithecoidea; Cercopithecidae; Cercopithecinae". In Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Volume 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 162. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  10. ^ Dixson 2015, pp. 6–7.
  11. ^ Perelman, P.; Johnson, W. E.; Roos, C.; Seuánez, H. N.; Horvath, J. E.; et al. (2011). "A molecular phylogeny of living primates". PLOS Genetics. 7 (3): e1001342. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342. PMC 3060065. PMID 21436896.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Finstermeier, K.; Zinner, D.; Brameier, M.; Meyer, M.; Kreuz, E.; et al. (2011). "A mitogenomic phylogeny of living primates". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e69504. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069504. PMC 3713065. PMID 23874967.
  13. ^ Dixson 2015, pp. 13–15, 133.
  14. ^ Dixson 2015, p. 10.
  15. ^ Grubb, P. (2006). "English Common Names for Subspecies and Species of African Primates". Primate Conservation. 20: 65–73. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.65. S2CID 86461982.
  16. ^ Dixson 2015, p. 11.
  17. ^ Telfer, P. T.; Souquière, S.; Clifford, S. L.; et al. (2003). "Molecular evidence for deep phylogenetic divergence in Mandrillus sphinx". Molecular Ecology. 12 (7): 2019–2024. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01877.x. PMID 12803651. S2CID 11511844.
  18. ^ Yin, Y.; Yang, T.; Liu, H.; et al. (2020). "The draft genome of mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx): An Old World monkey". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 2431. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.2431Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59110-3. PMC 7016171. PMID 32051450.
  19. ^ a b c Dixson 2015, p. 16.
  20. ^ a b Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). Primate Anatomy: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Elsevier Acad Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-08-046911-9.
  21. ^ Dixson 2015, p. 23.
  22. ^ a b Leigh, S. R.; Setchell, J. M.; Charpentier, M.; Knapp, L. A.; Wickings, E. J. (2008). "Canine tooth size and fitness in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.001. PMID 18472142.
  23. ^ Dixson 2015, p. 114.
  24. ^ a b c d Kingdon, Jonathan (2015). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4729-1236-7.
  25. ^ Dirks, W.; Lemmers, S. A. M.; Ngoubangoye, B.; Herbert, A.; Setchell, J. M. (2020). "Odontochronologies in male and female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and the development of dental sexual dimorphism". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 172 (4): 528–544. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24094. PMID 32510604. S2CID 219539657.
  26. ^ Dixson 2015, pp. 16–17.
  27. ^ Dixson 2015, p. 17.
  28. ^ a b Dixson 2015, pp. 17–18.
  29. ^ Dixson 2015, pp. 17–19.
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