Help:IPA/Swedish
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Swedish on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Swedish in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between
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The chart below shows how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swedish pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sv}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The Sweden pronunciation is based primarily on Central Standard Swedish, and the Finland one on Helsinki pronunciation. Recordings and example transcriptions in this help are in Sweden Swedish, unless otherwise noted.
See Swedish phonology and Swedish alphabet § Sound–spelling correspondences for a more thorough look at the sounds of Swedish.
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Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and dental consonants
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI produce retroflex consonant realisations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern Swedish, they are
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI. In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.
- ^ Sweden Swedish
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI varies regionally and is sometimes [xʷ], [ɸˠ], or [ʂ].
- ^
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced alveolar or similarly (a trilled r when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a tapped r or an alveolar approximant) in virtually all dialects (most consistently
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is uvular, similar to the Parisian French r. At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative [ʐ], similar to in English genre or vision.
- ^ a b c d Before
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are lowered to [æ] and [æː] (except certain instances of unstressed
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI), whereas the rounded
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI ([œ˔]) and
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are lowered to open-mid [œ] and [œː]. For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and the open-mid
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI, with both being transcribed as ⟨œ⟩. Note that younger speakers use lower allophones [ɶ] (which they tend to merge with
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI into [ɵ]) and [ɶː].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m In Sweden,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are protruded vowels, while
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are compressed. Instead,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are compressed, while only
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sound closer to Sweden Swedish
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI and
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI, which are also fronted, rather than to their respective counterparts.
- ^ a b [ɵ] and [ʉ] are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI (stressed
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is always realized as
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI):
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is used in all closed syllables (as in kultur Template:Audio-IPA) but also in some open syllables, as in musikal
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI. Some cases involve resyllabification caused by retroflexion, which makes the syllable open, as in kurtisan
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI.
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI appears only in open syllables. In some cases,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is the only possible realization, as in känguru
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI, or when
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI appears in hiatus, as in duell
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI.
- In other cases,
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI is in free variation with
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI so musik can be pronounced as Template:Audio-IPA or
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI Template:Harvcol. For simplicity, only ⟨ɵ⟩ will be used.
- ^ a b The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [ʏ] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Sweden Swedish compressed
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen Template:Audio-IPA);
- Sweden Swedish protruded
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI, and it is very close to Norwegian protruded
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI (as in nytt Template:IPA-no).
- ^ a b The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Sweden Swedish compressed
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben Template:Audio-IPA);
- Sweden Swedish protruded
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI, and it is very close to Norwegian protruded
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI (as in lys Template:IPA-no).
- ^ a b Finland Swedish, as well as a few accents of Mainland Sweden, have a simple primary stress (transcribed as ⟨ˈ⟩) rather than a contrastive pitch accent. In such accents, a word like anden is always pronounced as
- REDIRECCIÓN Plantilla:AFI regardless of its meaning. The variety of Swedish spoken in Åland usually resembles phonetically speaking the dialects of the Uppland area rather than other Finland Swedish varieties, but the pitch accent is still largely missing.
- ^ Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic geminate.
Bibliography
edit- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Hedelin, Per; Elert, Claes-Christian (1997), Norstedts svenska uttalslexikon, Norstedts, ISBN 91-1-971122-0
- Reuter, Mikael (1971), "Vokalerna i finlandssvenska: En instrumentell analys och ett försök till systematisering enligt särdrag" (PDF), Studier i nordisk filologi (in Swedish), 46, Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland: 240–249
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1