Beta Wikipedia

G7

Inter-governmental political forum
"Group of Six" redirects here. For the unofficial European group, see G6 (EU). For other uses, see G7 (disambiguation).
"Group of Seven" redirects here. For the Canadian group of artists, see Group of Seven (artists). For other uses, see Group of Seven (disambiguation).

The Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental political forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; additionally, the European Union (EU) is a "non-enumerated member." It is organized around shared values of pluralism, liberal democracy, and representative government.[1][2][3] As of 2020, G7 members are large IMF advanced economies and account for over half of global net wealth (at over $200 trillion),[4] 30 to 43 percent of global gross domestic product,[n 1] and 10 percent of the world's population (770 million people).[5] Some members are great powers in global affairs and maintain mutually close political, economic, diplomatic, and military relations.

G7
G7 leaders during the emergency meeting about the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea
The G7-states (blue) and the EU (teal)

Member states and key leaders:

 CanadaPrime Minister Justin Trudeau
 FrancePresident Emmanuel Macron
 GermanyChancellor Olaf Scholz
 ItalyPrime Minister Giorgia Meloni
 JapanPrime Minister Fumio Kishida
 UKPrime Minister Rishi Sunak
Template:Country data USPresident Joe Biden
Template:Country data EU
Formation
  • 25 March 1973 (25 March 1973)
  • (Library Group)
  • 15 November 1975 (15 November 1975)
  • (1st G6 summit)
Founder
Founded at
TypeInformal club
PurposePolitical and economic forum
Formerly called

Originating from an ad hoc gathering of finance ministers in 1973, the G7 has since become a formal, high-profile venue for discussing and coordinating solutions to major global issues, especially in the areas of trade, security, economics, and climate change.[6] Each member's head of government or state, along with the EU's Commission President and Council President, meet annually at the G7 Summit; other high-ranking officials of the G7 and the EU meet throughout the year. Representatives of other states and international organizations are often invited as guests, with Russia having been a formal member (as part of the Group of Eight) from 1997 to 2014.

The G7 is not based on a treaty and has no permanent secretariat or office. It is organized through a presidency that rotates annually among the member states, with the presiding state setting the group's priorities and hosting and organizing its summit; Japan currently presides for 2023.[7] While lacking a legal or institutional basis, the G7 is widely considered to wield significant international influence;[8] it has catalyzed or spearheaded several major global initiatives, including efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, provide financial aid to developing countries, and address climate change through the 2015 Paris Agreement.[8][1][9] However, the group has been criticized by observers for its allegedly outdated and limited membership, narrow global representation, and ineffectualness.[10][11][12] It is also opposed by anti-globalization groups, which often protest at summits.

History

edit

Origins

edit

The concept of a forum for the capitalist world's major industrialized countries emerged before the 1973 oil crisis. On 25 March 1973, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, George Shultz, convened an informal gathering of finance ministers from West Germany (Helmut Schmidt), France (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing), and the United Kingdom (Anthony Barber) before an upcoming meeting in Washington, D.C. U.S. President Richard Nixon offered the White House as a venue, and the meeting was subsequently held in its library on the ground floor;[13] the original group of four consequently became known as the "Library Group".[14] In mid-1973, at the Spring Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, Shultz proposed the addition of Japan, which all members accepted.[13] The informal gathering of senior financial officials from the U.S., U.K., West Germany, Japan, and France became known as the "Group of Five".[15]

In 1974, all five members endured sudden and often troubled changes in leadership. French President Georges Pompidou abruptly died, leading to a fresh presidential election that was closely won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, American President Richard Nixon, and Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka all resigned due to scandals. In the United Kingdom, a hung election led to a minority government whose subsequent instability prompted another election the same year. Consequently, Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, proposed a retreat the following year for the group's new leaders to learn about one another.

First summit and expansion

edit
 
First G6 summit at the Chateau de Rambouillet in November 1975

At the initiative of Giscard d'Estaing and his German counterpart, Helmut Schmidt, France hosted a three-day summit in November 1975, inviting the Group of Five plus Italy, forming the "Group of Six" (G6).[16] Taking place at the Château de Rambouillet, the meeting focused on several major economic issues, including the oil crisis, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, and the ongoing global recession.[17] The result was the 15-point "Declaration of Rambouillet", which, among other positions, announced the group's united commitment to promoting free trade, multilateralism, cooperation with the developing world, and rapprochement with the Eastern Bloc.[18] The members also established plans for future gatherings to take place regularly every year.

In 1976, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, who had participated in the first G6 summit, resigned from office; Schmidt and Ford believed the group needed an English speaker with more political experience, and advocated for inviting Pierre Trudeau, who had been Prime Minister of Canada for eight years – significantly longer than any G6 leader. Canada was also the next largest advanced economy after the G6 members.[19] The summit in Dorado, Puerto Rico later that year became the first of the current Group of Seven (G7).[17]

In 1977, the United Kingdom, which hosted that year's summit, invited the European Economic Community to join all G7 summits; beginning in 1981, it had[clarification needed] gathering through the president of the European Commission and the leader of the country holding the presidency of the Council of the European Union.[20] Since 2009, the then-newly established position of the President of the European Council, who serves as the Union's principal foreign representative, also regularly attends the summits.

Rising profile

edit
 
Flags of G7 members as seen on University Avenue, Toronto (September 2016)

Until the 1985 Plaza Accord, meetings between the seven governments' finance ministers were not public knowledge. The Accord, which involved only the original Group of Five, was announced the day before it was finalized, with a communiqué issued afterward.[21] The 1980s also marked the G7's expanded concerns beyond macroeconomic issues, namely with respect to international security and conflict; for example, it sought to address the ongoing conflicts between Iran and Iraq and between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan.

Following the 1994 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7. This informal arrangement was dubbed the "Political 8" (P8), colloquially the G7+1. At the invitation of the G7 leaders, Russian President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, and later as a full participant. After the 1997 meeting, Russia was formally invited to the next meeting and formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight (G8).[17] Russia was an outlier in the group, as it lacked the national wealth and financial weight of other members, had never been a major advanced economy, and was not yet an established liberal democracy.[22][23] Its invitation, made during a difficult transition to a post-communist economy, is believed to have been motivated by a desire to encourage its political and economic reforms and international engagement.

Russia's membership was suspended in March 2014 in response to its annexation of Crimea.[24][25][26] Members stopped short of permanently ejecting the country,[27] and in subsequent years expressed an openness or express desire to reinstate Russian participation. In January 2017, Russia announced it would permanently leave the G8, which came into effect June 2018.[28][29] In 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump, backed by Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, advocated for Russia's return; all other members rejected the proposal, and Russia expressed no interest.[30]

Renewed calls for expanded membership

edit

There have been various proposals to expand the G7. The U.S.-based Atlantic Council has held the D-10 Strategy Forum since 2014 with representatives from what it calls "leading democracies" which support a "rules-based democratic order", consisting of all members of the G7 (including the European Union) plus Australia and South Korea. Several democratic countries – including India, Indonesia, Poland, and Spain – participate as observers.[31] Centered around a similar mandate as the G7, the D-10 has been considered by some analysts to be an alternative to the group;[32] This is also favored by various think tanks and former British leader Boris Johnson.[31]

In 2019 under Putin, Russia had signaled support for the inclusion of China, India, and Turkey if the G7 had reinstated Russian membership.[33]

In 2020 under Trump, the U.S. had signaled support for the inclusion of Australia, Brazil, India, and South Korea, plus the reincorporation of Russia.[34][35]

Also in November 2020, Jared Cohen and Richard Fontaine, writing in Foreign Affairs, suggested that the G7 might be expanded to a "T-12" of "Techno Democracies". Earlier, in June of that same year, the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) was announced. Something of a spin-out of the G7, founded by members Canada and France, GPAI's initial membership was 15, including both the EU and India, as well as Australia, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Slovenia, and the Republic of Korea.

Boris Johnson invited members of Australia and the Republic of Korea to the June 2021 G7 summit.[32] India was also invited to the 2021 summit, with an aim to "deepen the expertise and experience around the table" along with the other guests, according to a U.K. government statement.[36]

In 2021, French jurist and consultant Eric Garner de Béville, a member of the Cercle Montesquieu, proposed Spain's membership to the G7.[37] American Chargé d'Affaires in Spain, Conrad Tribble, stated that the United States "enthusiastically supports" a "greater" role of Spanish leadership at the international level.[38]

In 2022, Germany has confirmed it will be inviting India,[39] against rumours to the contrary.[40][41]Template:Update after

In 2023, Japan's prime minister Fumio Kishida invited South Korea, Australia, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Vietnam, Comoros (representing the African Union), the Cook Islands (representing the Pacific Islands Forum) and Ukraine to the 49th summit hosted in Hiroshima.[42][43][44][45][46][47]

Activities and initiatives

edit

Script error: The function "container" does not exist. The G7 was founded primarily to facilitate shared macroeconomic initiatives in response to contemporary economic problems; the first gathering was centered around the Nixon shock, the 1970s energy crisis, and the ensuing global recession.[48] Since 1975, the group has met annually at summits organized and hosted by whichever country occupies the annually-rotating presidency;[49] since 1987, the G7 Finance Ministers have met at least semi-annually, and up to four times a year at stand-alone meetings.[50]

Beginning in the 1980s, the G7 broadened its areas of concern to include issues of international security, human rights, and global security; for example, during this period, the G7 concerned itself with the ongoing Iran-Iraq War and Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.[49] In the 1990s, it launched a debt-relief program for the 42 heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC);[51] provided $300 million to help build the Shelter Structure over the damaged reactor at Chernobyl;[52] and established the Financial Stability Forum to help in "managing the international monetary system".[53] Script error: The function "container" does not exist. At the turn of the 21st century, the G7 began emphasizing engagement with the developing world. At the 1999 summit, the group helped launch the G20, a similar forum made up of the G7 and the next 13 largest economies (including the European Union), in order to "promote dialogue between major industrial and emerging market countries";[53] the G20 has been touted by some of its members as a replacement for the G7.[54] Having previously announced a plan to cancel 90% of bilateral debt for the HIPC, totaling $100 billion, in 2005 the G7 announced debt reductions of "up to 100%" to be negotiated on a "case by case" basis.[55]

Following the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, which was the worst of its kind since the 1970s,[56] the G7 met twice in Washington, D.C. in 2008 and in Rome, the following February.[57][58] News media reported that much of the world was looking to the group for leadership and solutions.[59] G7 finance ministers pledged to take "all necessary steps" to stem the crisis,[60] devising an "aggressive action plan" that included providing publicly funded capital infusions to banks in danger of failing.[61] Some analysts criticized the group for seemingly advocating that individual governments develop individual responses to the recession, rather than cohere around a united effort.[62]

In subsequent years, the G7 has faced several geopolitical challenges that have led some international analysts to question its credibility,[63] or propose its replacement by the G20.[64] On 2 March 2014, the G7 condemned the Russian Federation for its "violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine" through its military intervention.[65] The group also announced its commitment to "mobilize rapid technical assistance to support Ukraine in addressing its macroeconomic, regulatory and anti-corruption challenges", while adding that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was best suited to stabilizing the country's finances and economy.[65] Script error: The function "container" does not exist. In response to Russia's subsequent annexation of Crimea, on 24 March the G7 convened an emergency meeting at the official residence of the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, the Catshuis in The Hague; this location was chosen because all G7 leaders were already present to attend the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit hosted by the Netherlands. This was the first G7 meeting neither taking place in a member state nor having the host leader participating in the meeting.[66] The upcoming G8 summit in Sochi, Russia was moved to Brussels, where the EU was the host. On 5 June 2014 the G7 condemned Moscow for its "continuing violation" of Ukraine's sovereignty and stated they were prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia.[67] This meeting was the first since Russia was suspended from the G8,[67] and subsequently it has not been involved in any G7 summit.

The G7 has continued to take a strong stance against Russia's "destabilising behaviour and malign activities" in Ukraine and elsewhere around the world, following the joint communique from the June 2021 summit in the U.K.[68] The group also called on Russia to address international cybercrime attacks launched from within its borders, and to investigate the use of chemical weapons on Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny.[68] The June 2021 summit also saw the G7 commit to helping the world recover from the global COVID-19 pandemic (including plans to help vaccinate the entire world); encourage further action against climate change and biodiversity loss; and promote "shared values" of pluralism and democracy.[36]

In 2022, G7 leaders were invited to attend an extraordinary summit of NATO called in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[69][70]

Summit organization

edit

The annual G7 summit is attended by each member's head of government.[71] The member country holding the G7 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit. The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time and series.[72] Generally every country hosts the summit once every seven years.[73]

Besides a main meeting in June or July, a number of other meetings may take place throughout the year; in 2021 for example, seven tracks existed for finance (4–5 June 2021), environmental (20 and 21 May 2021), health (3–4 June 2021), trade (27–28 May 2021), interior (7–9 September 2021) digital and technology (28–29 April 2021), development (3–5 May 2021) and foreign ministers.[74]

List of summits

edit
Overview of G7 summits
# Date Host Host leader Location held Notes
1st 15–17 November 1975   France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Château de Rambouillet, Yvelines The first and last G6 summit.
2nd 27–28 June 1976 Template:Country data United States Gerald R. Ford Dorado, Puerto Rico[75] Also called "Rambouillet II". Canada joined the group, forming the G7.[75]
3rd 7–8 May 1977   United Kingdom James Callaghan London, England The President of the European Commission was invited to join the annual G7 summits.
4th 16–17 July 1978   West Germany Helmut Schmidt Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
5th 28–29 June 1979   Japan Masayoshi Ōhira Tokyo
6th 22–23 June 1980   Italy Francesco Cossiga Venice, Veneto Prime Minister Ōhira died in office on 12 June; Foreign Minister Saburō Ōkita led the delegation that represented Japan.
7th 20–21 July 1981   Canada Pierre E. Trudeau Montebello, Québec
8th 4–6 June 1982   France François Mitterrand Versailles, Yvelines
9th 28–30 May 1983 Template:Country data United States Ronald Reagan Williamsburg, Virginia
10th 7–9 June 1984   United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher London, England
11th 2–4 May 1985   West Germany Helmut Kohl Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia
12th 4–6 May 1986   Japan Yasuhiro Nakasone Tokyo
13th 8–10 June 1987   Italy Amintore Fanfani Venice, Veneto
14th 19–21 June 1988   Canada Brian Mulroney Toronto, Ontario
15th 14–16 July 1989   France François Mitterrand Paris, Paris FATF was formed
16th 9–11 July 1990 Template:Country data United States George H. W. Bush Houston, Texas
17th 15–17 July 1991   United Kingdom John Major London, England
18th 6–8 July 1992   Germany Helmut Kohl Munich, Bavaria The first G7 summit in reunified Germany.
19th 7–9 July 1993   Japan Kiichi Miyazawa Tokyo
20th 8–10 July 1994   Italy Silvio Berlusconi Naples, Campania
21st 15–17 June 1995   Canada Jean Chrétien Halifax, Nova Scotia
22nd 27–29 June 1996   France Jacques Chirac Lyon, Rhône The first summit to debut international organizations, namely the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.[76]
23rd 20–22 June 1997 Template:Country data United States Bill Clinton Denver, Colorado Russia joined the group, forming the G8.
24th 15–17 May 1998   United Kingdom Tony Blair Birmingham, West Midlands
25th 18–20 June 1999   Germany Gerhard Schröder Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia The first summit of the G20 major economies at Berlin.
26th 21–23 July 2000   Japan Yoshirō Mori Nago, Okinawa South Africa was invited to the summit for the first time, and was thereafter invited annually without interruption until the 38th G8 summit in 2012. With permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria, and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was also invited for the first time.[76]
27th 21–22 July 2001   Italy Silvio Berlusconi Genoa, Liguria Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali, and El Salvador accepted their invitations here.[76] Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani was shot and killed by the Carabinieri during a violent demonstration. One of the largest and most violent anti-globalization movement protests occurred during the summit.[77] Following those events and the 11 September attacks two months later in 2001, the summits have been held at more remote locations.
28th 26–27 June 2002   Canada Jean Chrétien Kananaskis, Alberta Russia gained permission to officially host a G8 Summit.
29th 1–3 June 2003   France Jacques Chirac Évian-les-Bains, Haute-Savoie The G8+5 was unofficially formed when China, India, Brazil, and Mexico were invited to this summit for the first time (the other member of the +5 was South Africa). Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, and Switzerland.[76]
30th 8–10 June 2004 Template:Country data United States George W. Bush Sea Island, Georgia A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen, and Uganda.[76] The state funeral of former President Ronald Reagan took place in Washington during the summit. Many of the G8 leaders attended this funeral, along with 20 other heads of state.
31st 6–8 July 2005   United Kingdom Tony Blair Gleneagles, Scotland The G8+5 was officially formed. On the second day of the meeting, suicide bombers killed 52 people on the London Underground and a bus. Ethiopia and Tanzania were invited for the first time. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here.[76] 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8.[78]
32nd 15–17 July 2006   Russia
(G8 member, not G7)[22]		 Vladimir Putin Strelna, Saint Petersburg The only G8 summit held in Russia. The International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut here.[76]
33rd 6–8 June 2007   Germany Angela Merkel Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.[76]
34th 7–9 July 2008   Japan Yasuo Fukuda Tōyako, Hokkaidō Australia, Indonesia, and South Korea accepted their G8 summit invitations for the first time.[76]
35th 8–10 July 2009   Italy Silvio Berlusconi L'Aquila, Abruzzo This G8 summit was originally planned to be held in La Maddalena (Sardinia), but was moved to L'Aquila as a way of showing Prime Minister Berlusconi's desire to help the region after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake.[79] With 15 invited countries, it was the most heavily attended summit in the history of the group. Angola, Denmark, Netherlands, and Spain accepted their invitations for the first time.[80] A record of 11 international organizations were represented in this summit. For the first time, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Food Programme, and the International Labour Organization accepted their invitations.[81]
36th 25–26 June 2010[82]   Canada Stephen Harper Huntsville, Ontario[83] Malawi, Colombia, Haiti, and Jamaica accepted their invitations for the first time.[84]
37th 26–27 May 2011   France Nicolas Sarkozy Deauville,[85][86] Calvados Guinea, Niger, Côte d'Ivoire, and Tunisia accepted their invitations for the first time. The League of Arab States made its debut in the meeting.[87]
38th 18–19 May 2012 Template:Country data United States Barack Obama Camp David, Maryland The summit was originally planned for Chicago, along with the NATO summit,[88] but on 5 March 2012 an official announcement was made that the summit would be held at the more private location of Camp David, and starting one day earlier than previously scheduled.[89] The second summit in which one of the leaders, in this case Vladimir Putin, declined to participate. The summit concentrated on the core leaders only, as no non-G8 leaders or international organizations were invited.
39th 17–18 June 2013   United Kingdom David Cameron Lough Erne, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland[90] As in 2012, only the core members of the G8 attended this meeting. The four main topics that were discussed here were trade, government transparency, tackling tax evasion, and the ongoing Syrian crisis.[91]
40th 4–5 June 2014   European Union Herman Van Rompuy
José Manuel Barroso		 Brussels, Belgium This summit was originally planned to be held in Sochi, Russia, but was relocated, with Russia disinvited, due to the latter's annexation of Crimea.[92][93] Thus, the grouping reverted from G8 back to G7. (There was an emergency meeting in March 2014 in The Hague.)
41st 7–8 June 2015   Germany Angela Merkel Schloss Elmau, Bavaria[94] The summit was focused on the global economy, as well as on key issues regarding foreign, security, and development policy.[95] The Global Apollo Programme was also on the agenda.[96]
42nd 26–27 May 2016[97][98]   Japan Shinzō Abe Shima, Mie Prefecture[99] The G7 leaders aimed to address challenges affecting the growth of the world economy, like slowdowns in emerging markets and drops in price of oil. The G7 also issued a warning to the United Kingdom that "a UK exit from the EU would reverse the trend towards greater global trade and investment, and the jobs they create and is a further serious risk to growth."[100] Commitment to an EU–Japan Free Trade Agreement.
43rd 26–27 May 2017[101]   Italy Paolo Gentiloni Taormina, Sicily[102] The G7 leaders emphasized common endeavours: ending the Syrian crisis, fulfilling the UN mission in Libya, and reducing the presence of ISIS, ISIL, and Da'esh in Syria and Iraq. North Korea was urged to comply with UN resolutions, and Russian responsibility for the Ukrainian conflict was stressed. Supporting economic activity and ensuring price stability was demanded, while inequalities in trade and gender were called to be challenged. It was agreed to help countries in creating conditions that address the drivers of migration: ending hunger, increasing competitiveness, and advancing global health security.[103][104]
44th 8–9 June 2018   Canada[105] Justin Trudeau La Malbaie, Québec (Charlevoix)[106] The summit took place at the Manoir Richelieu. Prime Minister Trudeau announced five themes for Canada's G7 presidency, which began in January 2018. Climate, along with commerce trades, was one of the main themes. "Working together on climate change, oceans and clean energy."[107] The final statement contained 28 points. US President Donald Trump did not agree to the economic section of the final statement.[108] The G7 members also announced to recall sanctions and to be ready to take further restrictive measures against Russian Federation for its failure to implement the Minsk Protocol completely.[109]
45th 24–26 August 2019   France[110] Emmanuel Macron Biarritz, Pyrénées-Atlantiques It was agreed at the summit that the World Trade Organization, "with regard to intellectual property protection, to settle disputes more swiftly and to eliminate unfair trade practices", "to simplify regulatory barriers and modernize international taxation within the framework of the OECD", "to ensure that Iran never acquires nuclear weapons and to foster peace and stability in the region", and "to support a truce in Libya that will lead to a long-term ceasefire." The summit also addressed the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and the 2019 Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests.[111][112][113][114]
46th Cancelled Template:Country data United States (planned)[110] Donald Trump (planned) Camp David, Maryland (planned) The summit was originally to be held in Camp David, Maryland, but was officially postponed on 19 March 2020 due to the concerns over the worldwide coronavirus pandemic, and was planned to be replaced by a global videoconference,[115] but in the end, no meeting was held.
47th 11–13 June 2021[116]   United Kingdom Boris Johnson Carbis Bay, Cornwall, England[117] The summit reached provisional agreement on a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15%.[118]
48th 26–28 June 2022[119]   Germany[103] Olaf Scholz Schloss Elmau, Bavaria[120] Discussed with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy virtually, and the statement on support for Ukraine was issued.[121][122] Also discussed with invited guests about global food security, gender equality and "Investing in a Better Future" on climate, energy and health, and G7 Leaders' Communiqué was issued after the summit meetings.[123][124]
49th 19–21 May 2023[125]   Japan[103] Fumio Kishida Hiroshima[126]
50th June 2024   Italy[103] Giorgia Meloni Apulia
51st TBD, 2025   Canada TBD TBD

Country leaders and EU representatives (as of 2023)

edit

Current leaders

edit
Leaders of G7 members
Member Leader(s) Minister of Finance Central Bank Governor Party
Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Minister of Finance Chrystia Freeland Governor Tiff Macklem Liberal
France President Emmanuel Macron Minister of the Economy and Finance Bruno Le Maire Governor François Villeroy de Galhau Renaissance
Germany Chancellor Olaf Scholz Minister of Finance Christian Lindner President Joachim Nagel SPD
Italy Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni Minister of Economy and Finance Giancarlo Giorgetti Governor Ignazio Visco FdI
Lega
Japan Prime Minister Fumio Kishida Minister of Finance Shunichi Suzuki Governor Kazuo Ueda LDP
United Kingdom Prime Minister Rishi Sunak Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt Governor Andrew Bailey Conservative
United States President Joe Biden Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen Chair Jerome Powell Democratic
European Union Council President[127] Charles Michel Commissioner for Economy Paolo Gentiloni President Christine Lagarde
Commission President[127] Ursula von der Leyen

Member country data

edit

The G7 is composed of the seven wealthiest advanced countries. The People's Republic of China, according to its data, would be the second-largest with 17.90% of the world net wealth,[128] but is excluded because of its relatively low net wealth per adult and Human Development Index.[22] As of 2021, Crédit Suisse reports the G7 (without the European Union) represents around 53% of the global net wealth;[129] including the EU, the G7 accounts for over 60% of the global net wealth.[129]

Overview of G7 members
Member Trade mil. USD (2014) Nominal GDP (USD million)[130] PPP GDP (Int$ million)[130] Nominal GDP per capita ($)[130] PPP GDP per capita (Int$)[130] HDI (2021) Population (2022-2023) Permanent members of UN Security Council DAC OECD Economic classification (IMF)[130]
Canada 947,200 2,089,672 2,385,124 52,722 60,177 0.936 39,891,963 Template:N  Y  Y Advanced
France 1,212,300 2,923,489 3,872,729 44,408 58,828 0.903 68,042,591  Y  Y  Y Advanced
Germany 2,866,600 4,308,854 5,545,656 51,383 66,132 0.942 84,270,625 Template:N  Y  Y Advanced
Italy 948,600 2,169,745 3,195,548 36,812 44,160 0.895 58,815,463 Template:N  Y  Y Advanced
Japan 1,522,400 4,409,738 6,456,527 35,385 51,809 0.925 124,470,000 Template:N  Y  Y Advanced
United Kingdom 1,189,400 3,158,938 3,846,931 46,371 56,471 0.929 67,026,292  Y  Y  Y Advanced
United States 3,944,000 26,854,599 26,854,599 80,034 80,034 0.921 334,748,000  Y  Y  Y Advanced
European Union 4,485,000 17,818,782 25,399,093 39,940 56,929 0.899 446,828,803 style="text-align:center;" Template:N/a  Y style="text-align:center;" Template:N/a Advanced / Emerging and Developing[131]

Criticism and controversy

edit

Template:Criticism section

2015 protests

edit
Further information: 41st G7 summit

About 7,500 protesters led by the group 'Stop-G7' demonstrated during the summit. About 300 of those reached the 3 m high and 7 km long security fence surrounding the summit location. The protesters questioned the legitimacy of the G7 to make decisions that could affect the whole world. Authorities had banned demonstrations in the area closest to the summit location and 20,000 police were on duty in Southern Bavaria to keep activists and protesters from interfering with the summit.[132][133]

2018 Trump conflict over tariffs and Russia

edit
Further information: 44th G7 summit and Russo-Ukrainian War

The 2018 meeting in Charlevoix, Canada, was marred by fractious negotiations concerning tariffs and Donald Trump's position that Russia should be reinstated to the G7. The Trump administration had just imposed steel and aluminium tariffs on many countries, including European countries that are fellow members of the G7, and Canada, the host country for the 2018 meeting. Trump expressed dismay at Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau for holding a press conference in which Canada restated its position on tariffs (a public criticism of Trump's economic policy), and directed his representatives at the meeting not to sign the economic section of the joint communiqué that is typically issued at the conclusion of the meeting. German Chancellor Angela Merkel described Trump's behaviour as a "depressing withdrawal," while French President Emmanuel Macron invited him "to be serious."[134] In the final statement signed by all members except the US, the G7 announced its intention to recall sanctions and to be ready to take further restrictive measures within the next months against the Russian Federation for its failure to completely implement the Minsk Agreement.[109]

Trump repeated calls for Russia to be re-admitted to the group at the 2019 meeting in Biarritz, saying it should be included in discussions relating to Iran, Syria, and North Korea. The Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte supported Trump's proposal, Shinzo Abe of Japan was neutral, and the rest of the G7 pushed back against the suggestion, after which the atmosphere allegedly became "tense". [citation needed]

2019 Amazon rainforest fires and Brazil

edit
Further information: 45th G7 summit and 2019 Brazil wildfires

U.S. President Donald Trump's reiteration that Russia should be readmitted to the group (see above), the instigation of a trade war with China, increased tensions in Iran, Trump's alleged reluctance to attend the conference, and a number of international crises made the 2019 G7 meeting in Biarritz, France, the most divided since its inception. Following President Trump's previous revocation of his signature to a joint communiqué agreed to in 2018 due to an alleged slight from Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (see above), French President Emmanuel Macron agreed that the group would not issue a joint communiqué at the Biarritz conference.

The G7 nations pledged US$20 million to help Brazil and other countries in South America fight the wildfires. This money was welcomed, although it was widely seen as a "relatively small amount" given the scale of the problem. Macron threatened to block a major trade deal between the European Union and Brazil (Mercosur) that would benefit the agricultural interests accused of driving deforestation.[citation needed]

See also

edit

Template:Col div

Template:Col div end

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Depending on whether nominal values or purchasing power parity is used.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "What is the G7?". G7 UK Presidency 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Report for Selected Countries Subjects". www.imf.org.
  3. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database". International Monetary Fund. imf.org. October 2017. Major Advanced Economies (G7).
  4. ^ "Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF). Credit Suisse. credit-suisse.com. 2021. Table 4-1. p. 130. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  5. ^ "The G7: Frequently Asked Questions". France Diplomacy – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  6. ^ Paul LeBlanc (11 June 2021). "What is the G7, and what power does it hold?". CNN. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  7. ^ Prime Minister's office of Japan (15 April 2023). "G7 Hiroshima Summit | Prime Minister's office of Japan". Retrieved 15 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ a b Shear, Michael D. (11 June 2021). "G7 News: A Return to Face-to-Face Diplomacy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  9. ^ "What are the G7 and the G8?". www.g8.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  10. ^ Meredith, Sam (14 June 2021). "'The selfie summit': Why some economists and activists are disappointed with the G-7". CNBC. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  11. ^ "Where Is the G7 Headed?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  12. ^ "G-7 Communique Wide-Ranging, But Critics Find Shortcomings". VOA. 13 June 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  13. ^ a b Shultz, George P. (1993). Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (Scribner's) p. 148. ISBN 0-684-19325-6.
  14. ^ Bayne, Nicholas; Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Hanging in There. Ashgate Pub Ltd. 230 pages. ISBN 075461185X. p. 20.
  15. ^ Farnsworth, Clyde H. (8 May 1977). "A Secret Society of Finance Ministers," New York Times.
  16. ^ "G7 summit | The history of the G7". www.g7germany.de. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  17. ^ a b c "Evian summit – Questions about the G8". Ministère des Affaires étrangères, Paris. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  18. ^ "MOFA: Rambouillet Summit – Declaration of Rambouillet". www.mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  19. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia – Canada and the G8 G8: The Most Exclusive Club in the World, Thomas S. Axworthy, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Foundation of Canada, Toronto, Undated. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  20. ^ "EU and the G8". European Union. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
  21. ^ Schaefer, Robert K (2005). "Dollar Devaluations". Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of Political, Economic, and Environmental Change. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 346.
  22. ^ a b c "Select Country or Country Groups". www.imf.org.
  23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ Smale, Alison; Shear, Michael D. (24 March 2014). "Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  25. ^ "U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8". CNN.com. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  26. ^ "Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says". National Post. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  27. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia is scathing about its G8 suspension". The Independent. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  28. ^ "Russia just quit the G8 for good". The Independent. 13 January 2017.
  29. ^ "Russia brushes off possibility of G-8 return". The Straits Times. 9 June 2018.
  30. ^ hermesauto (9 June 2018). "Russia brushes off possibility of G-8 return". The Straits Times. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  31. ^ a b "D-10 Strategy Forum". Atlantic Council.
  32. ^ a b "Forget the G-7 – Biden needs a D-10 to rally the democracies". www.msn.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  33. ^ "Russia suggests Turkey to be part of G7". Hürriyet Daily News. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  34. ^ "Donald Trump postpones G7 summit and signals wider invitation list". The Guardian. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  35. ^ "Spoke with Trump about entry into expanded G7: Bolsonaro". The Outlook. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  36. ^ a b Ellyatt, Holly (10 June 2021). "G-7 summit: Here's a quick guide to everything you need to know". CNBC. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  37. ^ "L'Espagne peut-elle intégrer le G7". Challenges (in French). 2 March 2021.
  38. ^ "Estados Unidos "apoya con entusiasmo" un "mayor" liderazgo de España a nivel internacional". Europa Press (in Spanish). 25 February 2021.
  39. ^ "India invited by Germany for G7 summit in June". WION. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  40. ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Nienaber, Michael (12 April 2022). "Germany Weighs Snubbing India as G-7 Guest Over Russia Stance". Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  41. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "Germany isn't considering India's exclusion from G-7 guest list: Source". The Economic Times. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  42. ^ "Japan and South Korea eye package to resolve wartime labor row and other issues". The Japan Times. 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Japan Eyes Inviting Australia, India to G-7 Summit, NHK Says". Bloomberg.com. 19 February 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  44. ^ NEWS, KYODO. "Japan eyes inviting India, Indonesia to G-7 summit in 2023". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  45. ^ "G7 summit: Why there are eight more seats at the table this year". BBC News. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  46. ^ "Japan-Ukraine Summit Meeting". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  47. ^ "We need global leadership of democracy - President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's speech at the session of the G7 Summit and Ukraine". Office of the President of Ukraine. 21 May 2023.
  48. ^ Bayne, Nicholas (1998), "International economic organizations : more policy making less autonomy", in Reinalda, Bob; Verbeek, Bertjan (eds.), Autonomous Policymaking By International Organizations (Routledge/Ecpr Studies in European Political Science, 5), Routledge, ISBN 9780415164863, OCLC 70763323, OL 7484858M, 0415164869
  49. ^ a b "G7 summit | The history of the G7". www.g7germany.de. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  50. ^ "G7/8 Ministerial Meetings and Documents". G8 Information Centre. University of Toronto. 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  51. ^ International Money Fund. "Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative;Perspectives on the Current Framework and Options for Change". IMF.org. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  52. ^ "The True Cost of the Chernobyl Disaster Has Been Greater Than It Seems". Time. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  53. ^ a b Van Houtven, Leo (September 2004). "Rethinking IMF Governance" (PDF). Finance & Development. International Money Fund. p. 18. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  54. ^ "Officials: G-20 to supplant G-8 as international economic council". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  55. ^ "G7 backs Africa debt relief plan". 5 February 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  56. ^ Bo Nielsen (14 April 2008). "G7 Statement Fails to Convince Major Traders to Change Outlook". Bloomberg L.P.
  57. ^ Simon Kennedy (10 October 2008). "G7 Against the Wall – Weighs Loan-Guarantee Plan (Update1)". Bloomberg L.P.
  58. ^ "Yahoo.com". Archived from the original on 16 February 2009.
  59. ^ "All eyes on G-7 to address global financial crisis". money.cnn.com. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  60. ^ O'Grady, Sean (11 October 2008). "G7 pledges action to save banks". The Independent. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  61. ^ "G7 agrees global rescue plan". The Guardian. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  62. ^ "Geopolitical Diary: The G7's Response to the Financial Crisis". Stratfor. 16 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 1 September 2021 suggested (help)
  63. ^ Goodman, Matthew P. (27 May 2021). "The G7 Tests". www.csis.org. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  64. ^ "From the G8 to the G7: Russia's (New?) Role in Nonproliferation". Nuclear Network. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  65. ^ a b "Statement by G7 Nations". G8 Info Ctr. University of Toronto. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  66. ^ "G7 leaders descend on the Netherlands for Ukraine crisis talks". CBC news. Thomson Reuters. 23 March 2014.
  67. ^ a b BBC (5 June 2014). "G7 leaders warn Russia of fresh sanctions over Ukraine". BBC.
  68. ^ a b Reuters (13 June 2021). "G7 Demand Action From Russia on Cybercrimes and Chemical Weapon Use". {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  69. ^ "NATO hosts meeting of G7 Leaders". NATO. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  70. ^ "NATO hosts meeting of G7 Leaders (revised)". NATO. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  71. ^ Feldman, Adam (7 July 2008). "What's Wrong with the G-8". Forbes. New York. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008.
  72. ^ Hajnal, Peter I. (1999). The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation, p. 30., p. 30, at Google Books
  73. ^ G7 Italy 2017, Italian official website, 2017
  74. ^ "Ministerial Meetings & Engagement Groups". G7 UK Presidency 2021. 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  75. ^ a b Shabecoff, Philip. "Go-Slow Policies Urged by Leaders in Economic Talks; Closing Statement Calls for Sustained Growth Coupled With Curbs on Inflation; Ford's Aims Realized; 7 Heads of Government Also Agree to Consider a New Body to Assist Italy Co-Slow Economic Policies Urged by 7 Leaders," The New York Times. 29 June 1976; Chronology, June 1976. Archived 15 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kirton, John. "A Summit of Substantial Success: The Performance of the 2008 G8"; pp. 88, 89 G8 Information Centre – University of Toronto 17 July 2008.
  77. ^ Italy officials convicted over G8, BBC News, 15 July 2008
  78. ^ David Miller "Spinning the G8" Archived 28 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Zednet, 13 May 2005.
  79. ^ "Berlusconi Proposes Relocation of G8 Summit to L'Aquila". Running in heels. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  80. ^ "G8 Summit 2009 – official website – Other Countries". G8italia2009.it. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  81. ^ "G8 Summit 2009 – official website – International Organizations". G8italia2009.it. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  82. ^ "Canada's G8 Plans" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  83. ^ "Prime Minister of Canada: Prime Minister announces Canada to host 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville". Pm.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 8 February 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  84. ^ Participants at the 2010 Muskoka Summit. G8 Information Centre. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  85. ^ "Le prochain G20 aura lieu à Cannes," Le point. 12 November 2010.
  86. ^ The City of Deauville Official 2011 G8 website. Retrieved 7 February 2011. Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  87. ^ Kirton, John (26 May 2011). "Prospects for the 2011 G8 Deauville Summit". G8 Information Centre. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  88. ^ "2012 G8 Summit Relocation". G8.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  89. ^ "White House Moves G8 Summit From Chicago To Camp David". CBS Chicago. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  90. ^ "BBC News – Lough Erne resort in Fermanagh to host G8 summit". BBC News. Bbc.co.uk. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  91. ^ "As it happened: G8 summit". BBC News. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  92. ^ "Russia out in the cold after suspension from the G8". The Scotsman. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  93. ^ "G-7 Agrees to Exclude Russia, Increase Sanctions/World Powers to Meet in Brussels in June Without Russia". The Wall Street Journal. 25 March 2014.
  94. ^ "Germany to hold 2015 G8 summit at Alpine spa". The Washington Post. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014.
  95. ^ "German G7 presidency – Key topics for the summit announced". 19 November 2014.
  96. ^ Carrington, Damian. "Global Apollo programme seeks to make clean energy cheaper than coal". The Guardian. No. 2 June 2015. Guardian News Media. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  97. ^ "Japan announced to host G7 summit in 2016 in Shima". prepsure.com. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  98. ^ "Japan Announces Dates for G7 Summit in 2016". NDTV. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  99. ^ "来年のサミット 三重県志摩市で開催へ (Next Year's Summit To Be Held in Shima City, Mie Prefecture)" (in Japanese). 5 June 2015. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  100. ^ Asthana, Anushka (27 May 2016). "Brexit would pose 'serious risk' to global growth, say G7 leaders". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  101. ^ "Renzi announces to host G7 summit in 2017 in Taormina". RaiNews24. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  102. ^ Redazione (1 April 2016). "G7 a Taormina, è ufficiale. Renzi chiama da Boston il sindaco Giardina: "Il vertice si farà nella Perla"".
  103. ^ a b c d "Come funziona il G7?". www.g7italy.it.
  104. ^ "G7 Taormina Leaders' Communiqué" (PDF). G7 Italy 2017. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  105. ^ "Canada to host 2018 G7 Summit in Charlevoix, Quebec". pm.gc.ca. Prime Minister of Canada. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  106. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (20 February 2019). "The Charlevoix G7 Summit Communique". GAC. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  107. ^ Walker, Tony R.; Xanthos, Dirk (2018). "A call for Canada to move toward zero plastic waste by reducing and recycling single-use plastics". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 133: 99–100. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.02.014. S2CID 117378637.
  108. ^ "Sommet du G7 : Trump retire son soutien au communiqué commun sur le commerce". Le Monde.fr. 9 June 2018.
  109. ^ a b "The Charlevoix G7 Summit Communique". Reuters. 9 June 2018.
  110. ^ a b "G7 Summit in Brussels, 4–5 June 2014: Background note and facts about the EU's role and action". 3 June 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  111. ^ "US President Donald Trump says he believes China sincerely seeks a trade deal". South China Morning Post. 26 August 2019.
  112. ^ "News Analysis: G7 summit declaration cannot conceal deep U.S.-EU rift". xinhuanet. 27 August 2019. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019.
  113. ^ "Biarritz G7 summit non-binding declaration on Libya calls for truce, political solution and conference". Libya Herald. 27 August 2019.
  114. ^ "G7 leaders back HK autonomy, urge calm". rthk.hk. 27 August 2019.
  115. ^ Perano, Ursula; Treene, Alayna (19 March 2020). "White House cancels in-person G7 summit at Camp David due to coronavirus". Media. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  116. ^ "G7 UK Presidency 2021". G7 UK Presidency 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  117. ^ "G7: UK to host Cornwall seaside summit in summer". BBC News. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  118. ^ Rappeport, Alan (5 June 2021). "Finance Leaders Reach Global Tax Deal Aimed at Ending Profit Shifting". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021.
  119. ^ "G7 Germany Presidency 2022". 2022 G7 presidency Germany. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  120. ^ "Germany's G7 Presidency in 2022: 2022 G7 Summit at Schloss Elmau". Bundesregierung. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  121. ^ "G7 Statement on Support for Ukraine" (PDF). The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, Germany. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  122. ^ "Annex to G7 Statement on Support for Ukraine" (PDF). The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, Germany. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  123. ^ "G7 Leaders' Communiqué – Executive Summary" (PDF). The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, Germany. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  124. ^ "G7 Leaders' Communiqué" (PDF). The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, Germany. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  125. ^ "Japan Launches G-7 Hiroshima Summit Secretariat". Nippon.com. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  126. ^ "Press Conference by Foreign Minister HAYASHI Yoshimasa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). 27 May 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  127. ^ a b "Van Rompuy and Barroso to both represent EU at G20". EUobserver.com. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2012. "The permanent president of the EU Council, former Belgian premier Herman Van Rompuy, also represents the bloc abroad in foreign policy and security matters...in other areas, such as climate change, President Barroso will speak on behalf of the 27-member club."
  128. ^ "Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF). Credit Suisse. credit-suisse.com. 2021. Table 2-1. p. 21. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  129. ^ a b "Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF). Credit Suisse. credit-suisse.com. 2021. Table 2-1 "Country details". p. 21–24. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  130. ^ a b c d e International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". International Monetary Fund.
  131. ^ 23 out of 27 EU countries are classified as advanced. 4 out of 27 EU countries are classified by the IMF as Emerging and Developing Europe
  132. ^ "Der Spiegel: Proteste um Schloss Elmau – Demonstranten wandern bis zum G7-Zaun". Der Spiegel. 7 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  133. ^ "Bild: 7 Kilometer lang, 3 Meter hoch, auf ganzer Länge beleuchtet". Bild. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  134. ^ "G7, Trump non-accetta il documento finale. Merkel: "Ritiro deprimente" – Sky TG24" (in Italian).
edit

Template:Side box Template:Side box

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/w/index.php?title=G7&oldid=586860"