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Dog breed

Dog breeds are groups of closely related and visibly similar domestic dogs, which are all of the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris, having characteristic traits that are selected and maintained by humans, bred from a known foundation stock. Dogs were originated from wolves and some breeds look alike to the noturious predator.[1] The term dog breed is also used to refer to natural breeds or landraces, which arose through time in response to a particular environment that included humans, with little or no selective breeding by humans.[2] Such breeds are undocumented, and are identified by their appearance and often by a style of working. Ancient dog breeds are some of the modern (documented) descendants of such natural breeds.

Chihuahua mix and purebred Great Dane

Description

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Dog breeds are not scientifically defined biological classifications, but rather are groupings defined by clubs of hobbyists called breed clubs. A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics.[3] Dogs of a specific breed breed true, produce young that are very similar to their parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable.[4] Such records, called stud books, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations.

Classification

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Three generations of "Westies" in a village in Fife, Scotland

In biology, subspecies, race and breed are equivalent terms.[citation needed] Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species and subspecies, to wild animals and to plants; and race, to humans.[5] Colloquial use of the term dog breed, however, does not conform to scientific standards of taxonomic classification. Breeds do not meet the criteria for subspecies since they are all one species: Canis lupus familiaris, which is considered a subspecies of the gray wolf. Interbreeding group of individuals who pass on characteristic traits and would likely merge back into a single homogenous group if external barriers were removed, like selective breeding. The recognition of distinct dog breeds is not maintained by a scientific organization; they are maintained by a number of independent kennel clubs that need not apply to scientific standards and are often inconsistent. For instance, the Belgian Shepherd Dog is separated into four distinct breeds by some clubs, but not in others. Further, some groups of dogs which clearly share a persistent set of characteristics and documented descent from a known foundation stock may still not be recognized by some clubs as breeds. For instance, the feist is a hunting dog raised in the Southern United States for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other dog types and breeds. However, the United Kennel Club recognizes one breed of feist, the Treeing Feist, while the American Kennel Club does not recognize any feist breed.

A dog is said to be purebred if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. Purebred dog breeders of today "have inherited a breeding paradigm that is, at the very least, a bit anachronistic in light of modern genetic knowledge, and that first arose out of a pretty blatant misinterpretation of Darwin and an enthusiasm for social theories that have long been discredited as scientifically insupportable and morally questionable."[6] Morally questionable policies regarding purity of breed include obligatory surgical procedures to spay or neuter animals in numerous contexts. The American Kennel Club, for instance, allows mixed-breed dogs to be shown but requires these animals to be altered. It doesn't make such requirements for purebred dogs. California Assembly Act AB 1634 was a bill introduced in 2007 that would require all non-working dogs of mixed breed over the age of 6 months to be neutered or spayed.[7] The bill was morally controversial, leading the American Kennel Club to fight the bill.[8]

The clear genetic distinction between breeds of dog has made dogs of specific breeds good subjects for genetic and human medical research. "Using the dog as a discovery tool" in studying how cancer affects specific breeds may lead to identifying "susceptibility genes that have proved intractable in human families and populations."[9]

History of dog breeds

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Initial dog selections centered on helpful behavior such as barking at unfamiliar creatures and people, guarding livestock, or hunting game. Some dog breeds (such as Saluki[10] or New Guinea Singing Dogs) have been bred for thousands of years. Some working dog breeds such as German Shepherd Dog or Labrador Retriever[11] were established in the last few hundred years. More recently, dogs have been selected for attractiveness and distinctive features, resulting in a vast variety of breeds. Similar dog breeds are classified by dog registries in dog breed groups.

Groups of individuals that have dogs of the same breed often unite into national breed clubs, describing their dogs in specific language by writing a breed standard.[12] Breed standards prescribe the most desirable specimen attributes and working abilities for purebred dogs of that breed as well as undesirable traits. National breed clubs promote their breeds via the local breed registry and international organizations. Dogs recognized by the main breed registries are said to be "purebred".

Development of dog breeds

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For the history and development of the dog, see Origin of the domestic dog, Ancient dog breeds, and Dog type.

There is much speculation but little evidence about why canids came to live with or near humans, possibly as long as 100,000 years ago.[13] With the beginnings of agriculture around 12,000 years ago, humans began making use of dogs in various ways, resulting in physical differences between dogs and their wolf ancestors.[14] In earlier times, little was written about dogs, although there were known dog types or landrace dogs, which developed over time with minimal human intervention, to fit in with the environment (including human culture) in which the dogs lived or live.[15][16] Dog breeds in the modern sense date only to the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873, in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses.[17]

Many dog breeds today have names of original landrace types, such as the Border Collie. Other landrace types, such as retrievers, have been made more uniform in appearance through selective breeding, and developed into a variety of distinctive breeds.[18] Varieties of purebred dogs kept for working purposes can vary in appearance from purebred dogs of the same breed kept as showdogs and pets.[19]

New dog breeds are being continually created. They are either accidentally or purposely crossbred from existing breeds, developed for a specific style of work, or created just for marketing purposes. Recently discovered semi-feral and landrace types such as the New Guinea Singing Dog have been documented and registered as breeds for purposes of preservation. The Canadian department of agriculture has strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "emerging breeds".[20] Many registries which require minimal documentation are available for registering new and existing breeds of dog.[21] In general, a dog can only be guaranteed to be of a specific breed if it is documented in the stud book of a major dog registry or breed registry.[22]

Genetics

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Dog breeds can now be analyzed through genetics. Genetic markers (microsatellite markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms) have been analyzed and a representative sample of 85 breeds were placed into four clusters, each cluster having shared ancestors. Cluster 1 is thought to be the oldest, including African and Asian dogs. Cluster 2 is mastiff type dogs; cluster 3 is herding dogs, and cluster 4 modern hunting type dogs (mostly developed in Europe in the 1800s.)[23]

  • Note: Relationships uncovered through genetics may not match "official" breed histories. The following breed lists are based on genetic research, not traditional beliefs about dog breeds.

Dog breed documentation

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Stud books

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Dog breeds are documented in lists of antecedents called a stud book.[25]

Dog breeds that have been documented may be accepted into one or more of the major registries (kennel clubs) of dog breeds, including the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (covering 84 countries), The Kennel Club (UK), the Canadian Kennel Club, the American Kennel Club, the United Kennel Clubs International, the Australian National Kennel Council and the New Zealand Kennel Club, and other national registries. The registry places the breed into the appropriate category, called a group. Some Groups may be further subdivided by some registries. When the breed is fully accepted, the stud book is closed and only dogs bred from dogs in the stud book will be accepted for registration.[26] These dogs are referred to as purebred.

Dog breed clubs, especially of dogs bred for a particular kind of work, may maintain an open stud book and so may not be included in major registries. The dogs are still considered a breed. An example of this would be the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America.

Some dog breeds fit the definition of breed, especially breeds that develop naturally on islands or in isolated areas, but are few in number or have not been sufficiently documented to be registered with one of the major registries. An example of this would be the Kintamani Dog and other rare or independent breeds.

Breeds of dogs can be deliberately created in a relatively short period of time. When they breed true and have been sufficiently documented, they can be accepted by major registries. An example of this is the Cesky Terrier.[27]

Breed standards

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Each dog breed has a written breed standard, a list of attributes that standardises the appearance of the breed, written by the breed's founder or breed club. Dog are judged in Conformation dog shows on the basis of how closely the individual dog conforms to the breed standard. As the breed standard only covers external aspects of the dog's appearance, breeding working dogs for show competition may cause appearance to be emphasised to the detriment of working ability.

Groups of dogs mistaken for breeds

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Groups of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds include working dogs that are categorized by working style rather than appearance, even though they may be of various ancestry and may not breed true. The difference between a named group of working dogs and a breed of dogs can be unclear. Examples would be the huntaway and other livestock dogs of New Zealand, the feist dogs of the southern United States, and the Patagonian sheepdogs of Argentina, which are collies mixed with other working dogs.[28]

Landrace dogs are another grouping that often have been named, but they're not always considered breeds.[29] "Landrace" is a term used for early types domesticated animals, including dogs, where isolated populations of dogs are selected according to human goals; developing over time rather than through modern breeding techniques.[30] An example of a landrace dog would be the dog described as 'Basset' as early as 1585.[31] The landrace Basset was developed into the modern breeds of Dachshund and Basset Hound, as well as modern day terrier breeds.[32]

Another group of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds are the progeny of intentional crossbreedings of two purebred dogs. The popularity of these crosses are often the result of fads. Examples include the Puggle and the Labradoodle.[33] Mixed breed dogs may be offered a form of registration to allow them to participate in organized dog events. Often given the name All-American or AMBOR dog, the name does not signify that dogs so registered are a breed. Dogs must be spayed or neutered to be registered.[34]

Individual dogs or small groups of dogs may use an existing breed name or be given an invented breed name and listed with little or no documentation for a fee with "registry" companies with minimal verification requirements. The dogs are then bred and marketed as a "registered" breed, sometimes as a "rare" or new breed of dogs.[35]

List

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Main article: List of dog breeds
Name/Name FCI FCI No. English Name Picture
Affenpinscher 186 Affenpinscher  
Afghan Hound 228 Afghan Hound  
Aidi 247 Aidi  
Airedale Terrier 7 Airedale Terrier  
Akita Inu 255 Akita Inu  
Alaskan Husky Alaskan Husky  
Alaskan Klee Kai Alaskan Klee Kai  
Alaskan Malamute 243 Alaskan Malamute  
Alpine Dachsbracke 254 Alpine Dachsbracke  
Altdeutscher Hütehund Old German Cattledog  
American Akita 344 American Akita  
American Bulldog American Bulldog  
American Cocker Spaniel 167 American Cocker Spaniel  
American Eskimo Dog American Eskimo Dog  
American Foxhound 303 American Foxhound  
American Hairless Terrier American Hairless Terrier  
American Pit Bull Terrier American Pit Bull Terrier  
American Staffordshire Terrier 286 American Staffordshire Terrier
American Toy Terrier American Toy Terrier  
American Water Spaniel 301 American Water Spaniel  
Anatolian Greyhound Anatolian Greyhound
Anglo-Français de Petite Vénerie 325 Medium-sized Anglo-French Hound  
Appenzeller Sennenhund 46 Appenzeller Sennenhund  
Ariégeois 20 Ariege Hound  
Australian Cattle Dog 287 Australian Cattle Dog  
Australian Kelpie 293 Australian Kelpie  
Australian Shepherd 342 Australian Shepherd  
Australian Silky Terrier 236 Australian Silky Terrier  
Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog 251 Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
Australian terrier 8 Australian terrier  
Azawakh 307 Azawakh  
Bangkaew Dog Bangkaew Dog
Barbet 105 Barbet  
Bardino, Perro de Ganado Majorero Bardino  
Basenji 43 Basenji  
Basset Artésien Normand 34 Norman Artesian Basset  
Basset Bleu de Gascogne 35 Blue Gascony Basset  
Basset Fauve de Bretagne 36 Fawn Brittany Basset  
Basset Hound 163 Basset Hound  
Bayerischer Gebirgsschweißhund 217 Bavarian Mountain Hound  
Beagle 161 Beagle  
Bearded Collie 271 Bearded Collie  
Beauceron 44 Beauceron  
Bedlington Terrier 9 Bedlington Terrier  
Belgian Griffon (Griffons belges) 80, 81, 82 Brussels Griffon  
Bergamasco 194 Bergamasco  
Berger Blanc Suisse, (Weißer Schweizer Schäferhund) 347 White Swiss Shepherd  
Berger Picard 176 Picardy Shepherd  
Berger des Pyrénées 138 and 141 Pyrenean Shepherd  
Berner Sennenhund,
Bouvier bernois, Bernenski pies pasterski 		45 Bernese Mountain Dog  
Bichon Frisé, Bichon à poil frisé 215 Bichon Frisé  
Bichon Havanais 250 Havanese  
Billy 25 Billy  
Black and Tan Coonhound 300 Black and Tan Coonhound  
Tchiorny Terrier 327 Black Russian Terrier  
Blue Picardy Spaniel 106 Blue Picardy Spaniel  
Bluetick Coonhound Bluetick Coonhound  
Boerboel Boerboel  
Bohemian Spotted Dog Bohemian Spotted Dog  
Bichon bolonais 196 Bolognese  
Bolonka franzuska Bolonka franzuska  
Bolonka Zwetna  
Border Collie 297 Border Collie  
Border Terrier 10 Border Terrier  
Borzoi 193 Borzoi  
Bosanski Ostrodlaki Gonic Barak 155 Bosnian Coarse-Haired Hound File:Gonic.jpg
Boston Terrier 140 Boston Terrier  
Bouvier des Flandres 191 Bouvier des Flandres
Bouledogue Français 101 French Bulldog  
Boykin Spaniel Boykin Spaniel  
Braque francais type Pyrenees 134 French Pointing Dog - Pyrenean type  
Bracco Italiano 202 Bracco Italiano  
Brandlbracke 63 Austrian Black and Tan Hound  
Braque d' Auvergne 180 Auvergne Pointing Dog  
Braque du Bourbonnais 179 Bourbonnais Pointing Dog  
Braque Saint-Germain 177 Braque Saint-Germain  
Briard, Berger de Brie 113 Briard  
Briquet Griffon Vendeen 19 Medium Vendeen Griffon  
Broholmer 315 Broholmer  
Bulldog 149 Bulldog  
Bull Terrier 11 Bull Terrier  
Bullmastiff 157 Bullmastiff
Ca de Bou fr: dogue de Majorque 249 Majorca Mastiff  
Ca de Bestiar 321 Majorca Shepherd Dog  
Cairn Terrier 4 Cairn Terrier  
Can de Palleiro Galician Palleiro Dog, Palleiro Shepherd Dog, Galician Cattledog, Palleiro  
Canaan Dog 273 Canaan Dog  
Canadian Inuit Dog Canadian Inuit Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog  
Cane Corso Italiano 343 Cane Corso, Italian Corso Dog  
Cane da pastore Maremmano-Abbruzzese 201 Maremma and Abruzzes Sheepdog  
Cane pecoraio siciliano Sicilian Sheepdog  
Caniche, Pudel 172 Poodle  
Cão de Água Português 37 Portuguese Water Dog  
Cão Fila de São Miguel 340 Azores Cattle Dog  
Cao de Serra de Aires 93 Portuguese Sheepdog  
Caravan hound Caravan Hound  
Carolina Dog Carolina Dog  
Catahoula Leopard Dog Catahoula Leopard Dog
 
Catahoula Bulldog Catahoula Bulldog  
Caucasian Ovcharka 328 Caucasian Ovcharka, Caucasian Mountain Dog  
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 136 Cavalier King Charles Spaniel  
Central Asian Shepherd Dog 335 Central Asia Shepherd Dog  
Český fousek 245 Bohemian wire-haired Pointing Griffon  
Český Teriér 246 Czech Terrier  
Cierny Sery  
Československý vlčiak, Tschechoslowakischer Wolfhund 332 Czechoslovakian Wolfdog  
Chart Polski 333 Polish Greyhound, Polish Sighthound  
Chesapeake Bay Retriever 263 Chesapeake Bay Retriever  
Chien de Montagne des Pyrénées, Patou 137 Pyrenean Mountain Dog  
Chien de Berger Belge, Groenendael 15 Belgian Shepherd Groenendael  
Chien de Berger Belge, Laekenois 15 Belgian Shepherd Laekenois  
Chien de Berger, Malinois 15 Belgian Shepherd Malinois  
Chien de Berger Belge, Tervuren 15 Belgian Shepherd Tervuren  
Cão da serra da Estrela 173 Estrela Mountain Dog  
Cao de castro laboreiro 170 Portuguese Cattle Dog  
Chien de Saint-Hubert 84 Bloodhound  
Chien d'Artois 28 Artois Hound
Chihuahua 218 Chihuahua  
Chinese Crested Dog 288 Chinese Crested Dog  
Chinook Chinook  
Chodský pes Bohemian Shepherd  
Chortaj  
Chow Chow 205 Chow Chow  
Ciobanesc Românesc Carpatin 350 Romanian Carpathian Shepherd Dog  
Ciobanesc Romanesc de Bucovina 357 Romanian de Bucovina Shepherd Dog  
Ciobanesc Romanesc Mioritic 349 Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog  
Cirneco dell'Etna 199 Cirneco dell'Etna  
Clumber Spaniel 109 Clumber Spaniel  
Çoban Köpeği 331 Anatolian Shepherd Dog  
Continental Toy Spaniel Papillon 77 Papillon  
Coton de Tulear 283 Coton de Tulear  
Crete Hound Cretan Hound  
Cursinu Cursinu  
Curly Coated Retriever 110 Curly Coated Retriever  
Dachshund, Dackel, Teckel 148 Dachshund  
Dalmatiner Dalmatinac 153 Dalmatian  
Dandie Dinmont Terrier 168 Dandie Dinmont Terrier  
Dansk-Svensk Gaardshund 356 Danish/Swedish Farm Dog  
Deerhound 164 Deerhound  
Deutsche Bracke 299 German Hound  
Deutscher Boxer 144 Boxer  
Deutsche Dogge 235 Great Dane  
Deutsch-Langhaar 117 German Longhaired Pointer  
Deutsch Stichelhaar 232 German Rough-haired Pointing Dog  
Deutscher Pinscher fr:Pinscher allemand 184 German Pinscher  
Deutscher Spitz 97 German Spitz  
Deutscher Wachtel 104 German Spaniel  
Deutsch Kurzhaar 119 German Shorthaired Pointer  
Deutscher Schäferhund 166 German Shepherd Dog  
Deutsch Drahthaar 98 German Wirehaired Pointer  
Do-Khyi 230 Tibetan Mastiff  
Dobermann 143 Doberman Pinscher  
Dogo Argentino 292 Argentine Dogo  
Dogo Canario 346 Canary Dog  
Dogue de Bordeaux 116 Dogue de Bordeaux, French Mastiff  
Drentse Patrijshond 224 Dutch Partridge Dog  
Drever 130 Drever  
Dunker 203 Norwegian Hound  
Elo Elo  
English cocker spaniel 5 English Cocker Spaniel  
English Coonhound English Coonhound  
English Foxhound 159 English Foxhound  
English-Springer-Spaniel 125 English Springer Spaniel  
English Pointer 1 Pointer  
English Setter Setter anglais 2 English Setter  
English Toy Terrier 13 English Toy Terrier, King Charles Spaniel  
Entlebucher Sennenhund 47 Entelbuch Mountain Dog  
Epagneul Breton 95 Brittany  
Epagneul Français 175 French Spaniel  
Epagneul Picard 108 Picardy Spaniel  
Epagneul de Pont-Audemer 114 Pont Audemer Spaniel  
Erdélyi Kopó 241 Transylvanian Hound  
Eurasier 291 Eurasier  
Fila Brasileiro 225 Brazilian Mastiff  
Flat Coated Retriever 121 Flat-Coated Retriever  
Fox Terrier 12 and 169 Fox Terrier  
Galgo español fr:lévrier espagnol 285 Spanish Greyhound  
Gammel Dansk Hønsehund 281 Old Danish Pointer  
Glen of Imaal Terrier 302 Glen of Imaal Terrier  
Golden Retriever 111 Golden Retriever  
Gończy Polski 354 Polish Hunting Dog, Polish Scenthound  
Gordon Setter fr:Setter gordon 6 Gordon Setter  
Gos-d'Atura-Catala 87 Catalan Sheepdog  
Grand anglo-français tricolore 322 Great Anglo-French Tricolour Hound  
Grand anglo-français blanc et orange 324 Great Anglo-French White and Orange Hound  
Grand anglo-français blanc et noir 323 Great Anglo-French White and Black Hound  
Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen 33 Large Vendeen Griffon Basset  
Grand Griffon Vendeen 282  
Grand Bleu de Gascogne 22 Great Gascony Hound, Great Gascony Blue  
Grønlandshund 274 Greenland Dog  
Greyhound 158 Greyhound  
Griffon Fauve de Bretagne 66 Fawn Brittany Griffon  
Griffon Bleu de Gascogne 32 Blue Gascony Griffon  
Griffon d'arrêt à poil dur Korthals 107 Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, Korthals Griffon  
Griffon Nivernais 17 Griffon Nivernais  
Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund fr:Grand bouvier Suisse 58 Greater Swiss Mountain Dog  
Haldenstovare 267 Halden Hound  
Hamiltonstövare 132 Hamilton Hound  
Hannoverscher Schweisshund 213 Hanover Hound  
Harrier 295 Harrier  
Hellinikos Ichnilatis 214 Hellenic Hound  
Hokkaido (dog) 261 Hokkaido inu  
Hollandse Herdershond 223 Dutch Shepherd Dog  
Hollandse Smoushond 308 Dutch Smoushond  
Hovawart 190 Hovawart  
Hrvatski ovčar 277 Croatian Sheepdog  
Ioujnorousskaîa Ovtcharka 326 South Russian Ovcharka  
Huntaway Huntaway  
Indian Spitz 289  
Irish Red and White Setter 330 Irish Red and White Setter  
Irish Setter 120 Irish Setter  
Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier 40 Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier  
Irish Terrier 139 Irish Terrier  
Irish Water Spaniel 124 Irish Water Spaniel  
Irish Wolfhound 160 Irish Wolfhound  
Islenskur Fjárhundur fr:Chien de berger islandais 289 Icelandic Sheepdog  
Istarski Kratkodlaki Gonič 151 Istrian short-haired Hound  
Istarski Oštrodlaki Gonič 152 Istrian coarse-haired Hound  
Jack Russell Terrier 345 Jack Russell Terrier  
Jagdterrier 103 German Hunting Terrier  
Jämthund 42 Swedish Elkhound  
Japanese Chin 206 Japanese Chin, Japanese Spaniel  
Kai (dog) 317 Kai  
Karakatschan Karakatschan  
Karjalankarhukoira 48 Karelian bear dog  
Karelo-Finnish Laika, Finlandskaja, Karelskaja → Suomenpystykorva (Finnish Spitz) 49 Karelo-Finnish Laika  
Kraški ovčar 278 Karst Shepherd  
Kerry Blue Terrier 3 Kerry Blue Terrier
Kintamani Kintamani  
King Charles Spaniel 128 King Charles Spaniel  
Kishu Inu 318 Kishu  
Komondor 53 Komondor  
Kooikerhondje 314 Kooikerhondje  
Korean Jindo 334 Korean Jindo  
Kritikos Lagonikos, Kretahund Kretahound  
Kromfohrlander 192 Kromfohrlander  
Kuvasz 54 Kuvasz  
Kyi Leo  
Labradoodle Labradoodle  
Labrador Retriever 122 Labrador Retriever  
Lagotto Romagnolo 298 Lagotto Romagnolo  
Lakeland Terrier 70 Lakeland Terrier  
Lancashire Heeler Lancashire Heeler  
Landseer 226 Landseer  
Lapinporokoira 284 Lapinporokoira, Lapponian Herder  
Leonberger 145 Leonberger  
Lhasa Apso 227 Lhasa Apso  
Lucas Terrier Lucas Terrier  
Lundehund 265 Norwegian Lundehund  
Lupo Italiano  
Lurcher Lurcher  
Maltese, bichon maltais 65 Maltese  
Magyar Agar 240 Hungarian Greyhound  
Magyar Vizsla 57, 239 Hungarian Vizsla  
Manchester Terrier 71 Manchester Terrier  
Maneto  
Markiesje Dutch Tulip Dog  
Mastiff 264 Mastiff  
Mastín del Pirineo 92 Pyrenean Mastiff  
Mastín español fr:mâtin espagnol 91 Spanish Mastiff  
Middleasian greyhound - Tazi Middleasian greyhound - Tazi  
Miniature Australian Shepherd Miniature Australian Shepherd  
Miniature Pinscher 185 Miniature Pinscher  
Miniature Shar Pei Miniature Shar Pei  
Moscow Watchdog Moscow Watchdog  
Large Münsterländer/Small Münsterländer 102 and 118 Munsterlander  
Mudi 238 Mudi  
Neapolitan Mastiff 197 Neapolitan Mastiff  
Newfoundland 50 Newfoundland  
Nihon Supittsu Japanischer/Japanese Spitz 262 Japanese Spitz  
Norrbottenspets 276 Nordic Spitz  
Norsk Buhund 237 Norwegian Buhund  
Norsk Elghund 242 and 268 Norwegian Elkhound  
Norfolkterrier 272 Norfolk Terrier  
Norwichterrier 72 Norwich Terrier  
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever 312 Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever  
Ogar Polski 52 Polish Hound  
Olde English Bulldogge Olde English Bulldogge  
Old English Sheepdog, Bobtail 16 Old English Sheepdog  
Österreichischer Pinscher 64 Austrian Pinscher  
Otterhound 294 Otterhound  
Parson Russell Terrier 339 Parson Russell Terrier  
Pastor Garafiano Garafiano Shepherd  
Patterdale terrier Patterdale terrier  
Piccolo Levriero Italiano 200 Italian Greyhound  
Pekingese 207 Pekingese  
Perro de Agua Español 336 Spanish Water Dog  
Perro fino Colombiano Colombian Fino
Cimarrón Uruguayo 353 Cimarron  
Perro Pastor Vasco Basque Shepherd Dog  
Perro sin pelo del Perú 310 Peruvian Hairless Dog  
Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen 67 Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen  
Petit bleu de Gascogne 31 Small Blue Gascony Hound  
Petit chien lion 233 Löwchen  
Pharaoh Hound Kelb Tal Fenek 248 Pharaoh Hound  
Plott Hound Plott Hound  
Plummer Terrier Plummer Terrier  
Podenco andaluz Andalusian Hound  
Podenco Canario 329 Canarian Warren Hound  
Podenco Ibicenco Ibizan Podenco 89 Ibizan Hound  
Podengo Português Portuguese Podengo 94 Portuguese Podengo  
Poitevin 24 Poitevin  
Polski Owczarek Nizinny, PON, Nizinny 251 Polish Lowland Sheepdog  
Polski Owczarek Podhalanski 252 Tatra Shepherd Dog  
Porcelaine 30 Porcelaine  
Perdigueiro Português 187 Portuguese Pointer  
Pražský krysařík Prague Ratter  
Pudelpointer 216 Pudelpointer  
Pug fr:carlin 253 Pug  
Puli 55 Puli  
Pumi 56 Pumi  
Rampur Hound Rampur Hound  
Rat Terrier Rat Terrier  
Rafeiro do Alentejo 96 Alentejo Mastiff  
Rajapalayam (dog) Rajapalayam Hound  
Ratonero Andaluz Andalusian Mouse-Hunting Dog  
Redbone Coonhound Redbone Coonhound  
Rhodesian Ridgeback fr:Chien de Rhodésie à crête dorsale 146 Rhodesian Ridgeback  
Rottweiler 147 Rottweiler  
Rough coated collie 156 Rough Collie  
Russian Spaniel Russian Spaniel  
Russo-European Laika 304 Russo-European Laika  
Russkiy Toy 352 Russian Toy Terrier  
Saarlooswolfhond 311 Saarlooswolfhond  
Samoiedskaïa Sabaka 212 Samoyed  
Saluki 269 Saluki  
Sarplaninac 41 Sarplaninac  
Schapendoes 313 Dutch Schapendoes  
Schiller Hound 131 Schiller Hound  
Schipperke 83 Schipperke  
Sealyham Terrier 74 Sealyham Terrier  
Shetland Sheepdog 88 Shetland Sheepdog  
Scottish Terrier 73 Scottish Terrier  
Schnauzer 181, 182 and 183 Schnauzer  
Segugio italiano 198, 337 Italian Hound  
Shar-Pei 309 Shar Pei, Chinese Shar-Pei File:Sushisharpei.jpg
Shiba Inu 257 Shiba Inu  
Shih-Poo Shih-Poo  
Shih-Tzu 208 Shih Tzu  
Shikoku 319 Shikoku  
Shiloh shepherd Shiloh Shepherd  
Siberian Husky 270 Siberian Husky  
Silken Windhound Silken Windhound  
Skye Terrier 75 Skye Terrier  
Slovenský kopov 244 Slovakian Hound  
Slovenský hrubosrstý stavač 320 Slovakian Wire-haired Pointing Dog  
Slovensky Cuvac 142 Slovakian Chuvach  
Spinone Italiano 165 Spinone Italiano  
Sloughi 188 Sloughi  
Smaland-Stövare 129 Smalands Hound  
Smooth coated collie 296 Smooth Collie  
Srpski Gonic 150 Serbian Hound  
Srpski Trobojni Gonic 229 Serbian Tricolour Hound  
Stabyhoun 222 Stabyhoun  
Staffordshire Bull Terrier 76 Staffordshire Bull Terrier  
St. Bernhardshund, Bernhadiner 61 St. Bernard dog  
Steirische Rauhhaarbracke 62 Styrian coarse-haired Hound  
Suomenajokoira 51 Finnish Hound  
Suomenlapinkoira 189 Finnish Lapphund  
Suomenpystykorva 49 Finnish Spitz  
Sussex Spaniel 127 Sussex Spaniel  
Swedish Lapphund 135 Swedish Lapphund  
Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund,
Petit chien courant suisse 		60 Small Swiss Hound  
Schweizer Laufhund 59 Swiss Hound  
Taigan Taigan  
Taiwan Dog, Formosan Dog 348 Taiwan Dog  
Tamaskan Tamaskan Dog  
Terrier Brasileiro 341 Brazilian Terrier  
Tesem Tesem  
Tibetan Spaniel 231 Tibetan Spaniel  
Tornjak 355 Bosnian -Herzegovinian -Croatian Shepherd Dog  
Tosa inu 260 Tosa Inu, Tosa  
Toy Manchester Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier  
Treeing Walker Coonhound Treeing Walker Coonhound  
Thai Ridgeback 338 Thai Ridgeback  
Tibetan terrier Dhoki Apso 209 Tibetan Terrier  
Tiroler Bracke 68 Tyrolean Hound  
Västgötaspets 14 Swedish Vallhund  
Volpino 195 Volpino Italiano  
Vostotchno-Sibirskaïa Laïka 305 East Siberian Laika  
Waeller Waeller  
Weimaraner 99 Weimaraner  
Welsh Corgi Cardigan 38 Welsh Corgi (Cardigan)  
Welsh Corgi Pembroke 39 Welsh Corgi (Pembroke)  
Welsh Springer Spaniel 126 Welsh Springer Spaniel  
Welsh Terrier 78 Welsh Terrier  
West Highland White Terrier 85 West Highland White Terrier  
Westfalenterrier Westfal Terrier  
Westphälische Dachsbracke 100 Westphalian Dachsbracke  
Wetterhond 221 Wetterhond  
Whippet 162 Whippet  
White English Bulldog White English Bulldog  
Xoloitzcuintli 234 Xoloitzcuintle, Mexican Hairless Dog  
Yakutian Laika Yakutian Laika  
Yorkshire terrier 86 Yorkshire terrier  
Zapadno-Sibirskaïa Laïka 306 West Siberian Laika  

 

Images

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  •  
    Anatolian Shepherd Dog
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    Catahoula Leopard Dog
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    Chesapeake Bay Retriever
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    Curly-coated Retriever
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    Flat-coated Retriever
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    German Shepherd Dog
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    Golden Retriever
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    Labrador Retriever
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    Murray River Curly-coated Retriever
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    Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
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    Old English Sheepdog
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    Pyrenean Shepherd
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    Rafeiro Do Alentejo
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    Saint Bernard
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    Greater Swiss Mountain Dog

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. The Merriam-Webster Editorial Staff PA. Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: G&C Merriam Company. 1967. p. 274. A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and visibly similar in most characteristics, having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a known and designated foundation stock without admixture of other blood.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ^ Coppinger, Raymond & Lorna Coppinger. Dogs. Scribner 2001, ISBN 0-684-85530-5, Chapter 3, "Natural Breeds", p. 85. "Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction"
  3. ^ Donna L. Morden; Seranne, Ann; Wendell J. Sammet; Gasow, Julia (2004). The joy of breeding your own show dog. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. ISBN 0-7645-7302-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  5. ^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary: "Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species or variety to wild animals and to plants; and race to men."
  6. ^ Budiansky", Stephen (2000). The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris. New York, U.S.A.: Viking Penguin. p. 35. ISBN 0-670-89272-6.
  7. ^ http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1601-1650/ab_1634_bill_20070531_amended_asm_v94.html
  8. ^ http://www.akc.org/canine_legislation/CA_action_center.cfm
  9. ^ Cadieu, Edouard; Ostrander, Elaine A. "Canine Genetics Offers New Mechanisms for the Study of Human Cancer". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 16: 2181–2183. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2667.
  10. ^ Allan, Ken; Allan, Diana (1999). THE COMPLETE SALUKI (Book of the Breed). Ringpress Books. ISBN 1-86054-195-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Heather Wiles-Fone; H. Wiles-Fone (2003). The ultimate Labrador retriever. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. ISBN 0-7645-2639-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ The Complete dog book: the photograph, history, and official standard of every breed admitted to AKC registration, and the selection, training, breeding, care, and feeding of pure-bred dogs. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. 1992. ISBN 0-87605-464-5.
  13. ^ Carles Vilà (et al.) of the University of California, California, USA, has studied archaeological evidence (fossil bones) indicating that canids could have been living with humans 100,000 years ago.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  14. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  15. ^ 1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
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  17. ^ Clark, Annie Rodgers; Brace, Andrew H. (1995). The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. New York: Howell Book House. p. 8. ISBN 0-87605-624-9. In the strictest sense, dog breeds date back only to the last couple of decades of the nineteenth century, or to more recent decades in this (the twentieth) century but distinct types of dogs have existed centuries earlier.
  18. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
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  20. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. [dead link]
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  23. ^ a b c d e Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  24. ^ The Akita breed was left out of the American Scientist article from the reference cited within it without explanation. With Akita, the number of breeds is 85, matching the article's count. Parker, Heidi G.; et al. (21 May 2004). "Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog" (PDF). Science. 304 (5674): 1160–1164. doi:10.1126/science.1097406. PMID 15155949. Retrieved 20 May 2009. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help)
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  32. ^ Marvin, John T. (1982). "2". The New Complete Scottish terrier (Second ed.). New York, New York: Howell Book House Inc. p. 18. ISBN 0-87605-306-1.
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Further reading

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  • Alderton, David (September 2008). Encyclopedia of Dogs (Hardcover). Bath: Parragon Inc. p. 384. ISBN 1407524380. ISBN 9781407524382.
  • Coile, D. Caroline (1 April 2005). Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds: Profiles of More than 150 Breeds (2nd ed.). Barron's Educational Series, Incorporated. p. 368. ISBN 9780764157004.
  • De Prisco, Andrew; Johnson, James B. (1993). Canine Lexicon. T. F. H. Publications. p. 886. ISBN 3-929545-60-8. ISBN 978-3-929545-60-9,.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)[1]
  • De Vito, Dominique (1 September 2005). World Atlas of Dog Breeds (Print) (6th ed.). Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD: TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network. p. 960. ISBN 0793806569. ISBN 978-0793806560.
  • DK Publishing (15 July 2013). The Dog Encyclopedia (Hardcover) (1st ed.). DK Adult. p. 360. ISBN 1465408444. ISBN 978-1465408440.
  • Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (March 1995). Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World (Print) (5th ed.). Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD: TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network. p. 912. ISBN 0793812844. ISBN 9780793812844.
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  1. ^ Kister, Kenneth F. (1994). Kister's Best Encyclopedias (2nd ed.). Phoenix: Oryx. pp. 329–330. ISBN 0-89774-744-5.
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