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Border Collie

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Template:Infobox dog breed The Border Collie is a working and herding dog breed developed in the Anglo-Scottish border region for herding livestock, especially sheep. It was specifically bred for intelligence and obedience.

Ranked number one in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs and typically extremely energetic, acrobatic, smart and athletic, they frequently compete with great success in dog sports, in addition to their success in sheepdog trials and are often cited as the most intelligent of all dogs.[1] Border Collies also remain employed throughout the world in their traditional work of herding livestock.

Description

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Male Border Collie.
 
Blue merle Border Collie.
 
Dark red.
 
Border Collie red.
 
Brown and white with one blue and one brown eye.

Appearance

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In general, Border Collies are medium-sized dogs with a moderate amount of coat, which is often thick and frequently sheds. Their double coats vary from smooth to rough, (and occasionally curled). Whilst black and white is most commonly seen colour pattern of the Border Collie, the breed appears in just about any colour and pattern known to occur in dogs. Some of these include black tricolour (black/tan/white), liver and white, and red tricolour (red/tan/white) have also been seen regularly, with other colours such as blue, lilac, red merle, blue merle, brindle, and Australian red (also known as ee red, blonde, recessive red, or gold) which is seen less frequently. Some Border Collies may also have single-colour coats.[2]

Eye colour varies from brown to blue, and occasionally eyes of differing colour occur; this is usually seen with merles. The ears of the Border Collie are also variable — some have fully erect ears, some fully dropped ears, and others semi-erect ears (similar to those of the rough Collie or sighthounds). Although working Border Collie handlers sometimes have superstitions about the appearance of their dogs (handlers may avoid mostly white dogs due to the unfounded idea that sheep will not respect a white or almost all white dog),[3] in general a dog's appearance is considered by the American Border Collie Association to be irrelevant.[4] It is considered much more useful to identify a working Border Collie by its attitude and ability than by its looks.

Dogs bred for showing are more homogeneous in appearance than working Border Collies, since to win in conformation showing they must conform closely to breed club standards that are specific on many points of the structure, coat, and colour. Kennel clubs specify, for example, that the Border Collie must have a "keen and intelligent" expression, and that the preferred eye colour is dark brown. In deference to the dog's working origin, scars and broken teeth received in the line of duty are not to be counted against a Border Collie in the show ring. The males' height from withers comes from 48 to 56 centimetres (19 to 22 in), females from 46 to 53 centimetres (18 to 21 in).

Temperament

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Border Collies require considerable daily physical exercise and mental stimulation.[5] The Border Collie is an intelligent dog breed;[1][6] in fact, it is widely considered to be the most intelligent dog breed. Although the primary role of the Border Collie is being a livestock herding dog, this type of breed is becoming increasingly popular as a pet. In January 2011, a Border Collie was reported to have learned 1,022 words and acts consequently to human citation of those words.[7][8]

Due to their working heritage, Border Collies are very demanding, playful, and energetic. They are better off in households that can provide them with plenty of play and exercise, either with humans or other dogs.[5] Due to their demanding personalities and need for mental stimulation and exercise, many Border Collies develop neurotic behaviors in households that are not able to provide for their needs.[9] They are infamous for chewing holes in walls, destructive biting and chewing on furniture such as chairs and table legs, and digging holes out of boredom. One of the prime reasons for getting rid of a Border Collie is their unsuitability for families with small children, cats, and other dogs, due to their strong desire to herd. This was bred into them for hundreds of years and still one of their chief uses outside the household.[5] However, it is still possible for them to live happily with other pets.

Though they are a common choice for household pets, Border Collies have attributes that make them less suited for those who cannot give them the exercise they need. As with many working breeds, Border Collies can be motion-sensitive and they may chase moving vehicles.[10]

Health

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Life span

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The natural life span of the Border Collie is between 10 and 17 years, with an average lifespan of 12 years.[11] The median longevities of breeds of similar size are usually 12 to 13 years.[12]

Leading causes of death are cancer (23.6%), old age (17.9%) and cerebral vascular afflictions (9.4%).[11]

Common health problems

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Hip dysplasia, Collie eye anomaly (CEA), and epilepsy are considered the primary genetic diseases of concern in the breed at this time.[13] CEA is a congenital, inherited eye disease involving the retina, choroid, and sclera that sometimes affects Border Collies. In Border Collies, it is generally a mild disease and rarely significantly impairs vision. There is now a DNA test available for CEA[14] and, through its use, breeders can ensure that they will not produce affected pups. There are different types of hip testing available including OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) and PennHip. Radiographs are taken and sent to these organizations to determine a dog's hip and elbow quality.

Two types of hearing loss occur in the breed. The first type is pigment associated and is found in Border Collie puppies, although the puppies can have congenital sensorineural deafness from birth as well.[15] The second type is known as adult onset hearing loss. These dogs have a normal auditory brainstem response test as pups but gradually lose their hearing some time between one and eight years of age. A study is currently underway at The Translational Genomics Research Institute to identify the genetic cause of adult onset hearing loss in the breed.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a rare but serious disease that is limited to show Border Collies. NCL results in severe neurological impairment and early death; afflicted dogs rarely survive beyond two years of age. The mutation causing the form of the disease found in Border Collies was identified by Scott Melville in the laboratory of Dr. Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales.[16] There is no treatment or cure, but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs.

Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome (TNS) is a hereditary disease in which the bone marrow produces neutrophils (white cells) but is unable to effectively release them into the bloodstream. Affected puppies have an impaired immune system and will eventually die from infections they cannot fight. The mutation responsible for TNS has been found in Border Collies in English working dogs, in show dogs that had originated in Australia and New Zealand, and in unrelated Australian working dogs. This indicates that the gene is widespread and probably as old as the breed itself. TNS was identified by Jeremy Shearman in the laboratory of Dr. Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales. There is no cure, but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs.[17][18]

Other diseases found less commonly include glaucoma, juvenile cataracts, osteochondritis, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. A syndrome of exercise induced collapse similar to that seen in Labrador Retrievers (otherwise termed Border Collie Collapse)and triggered by episodes of collapse associated with periods of intense exercise has been described in Border Collies in North America, Europe and Australia; and is currently the subject of further investigation.[19]

Elbow dysplasia may also occur in the breed. Dogs homozygous for the merle gene, sometimes referred to as "double merles", are likely to have ocular and/or auditory defects.

History

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Young Border Collie, one year old.

The Border Collie is descended from landrace collies, a type found widely in the British Isles. The name for the breed came from its probable place of origin along the Anglo-Scottish border.[2] Mention of the "Collie" or "Colley" type first appeared toward the end of the 19th century, although the word "collie" is older than this and has its origin in the Scots language. It is also thought that the word 'collie' comes from the old Celtic word for useful. Many of the best Border Collies today can be traced back to a dog known as Old Hemp.[20]

In 1915, James Reid, Secretary of the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) in the United Kingdom first used the term "Border Collie" to distinguish those dogs registered by the ISDS from the Kennel Club's Collie (or Scotch Collie, including the Rough Collie and Smooth Collie) which originally came from the same working stock but had developed a different, standardised appearance following introduction to the show ring in 1860 and mixture with different types breeds.[21]

Old Hemp

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Main article: Old Hemp

Old Hemp, a tricolor dog, was born in Northumberland in September 1893 and died in May 1901.[22] He was bred by Adam Telfer from Roy, a black and tan dog, and Meg, a black-coated, strong-eyed dog. Hemp was a quiet, powerful dog to which sheep responded easily. Many shepherds used him for stud and Hemp's working style became the Border Collie style. All pure Border Collies alive today can trace an ancestral line back to Old Hemp.[citation needed]

Wiston Cap

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Wiston Cap (b. 28 Sep. 1963)[23] is the dog that the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) badge portrays in the characteristic Border Collie herding pose. He was a popular stud dog in the history of the breed, and his bloodline can be seen in most bloodlines of the modern day Collie.[22] Bred by W. S. Hetherington and trained and handled by John Richardson, Cap was a biddable and good-natured dog. His bloodlines all trace back to the early registered dogs of the stud book, and to J. M. Wilson's Cap, whose name occurs sixteen times within seven generations in his pedigree. Wiston Cap sired three Supreme Champions and is grand-sire of three others, one of whom was E. W. Edwards' Bill, who won the championship twice.

Introduction to New Zealand and Australia

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Collies were listed as imports to New Zealand as early as 1858, but the type was not specified.[24] In the late 1890s James Lilico[25] (1861?–1945) of Christchurch, New Zealand, imported a number of working dogs from the United Kingdom. These included Hindhope Jed, a black, tan and white [26] born in Hindhope, Scotland in 1895, as well as Maudie, Moss of Ancrum, Ness and Old Bob.

It is unclear whether Hindhope Jed was a descendant of Old Hemp. Born two years after him, she is mentioned in a British Hunts and Huntsmen article concerning a Mr John Elliot of Jedburgh:[27]

Mr Elliot himself is well known for his breed of Collies. His father supplied Noble to the late Queen Victoria and it was from our subject that the McLeod got Hindhope Jed, now the champion of New Zealand and Australia.[28]

At the time of her departure to New Zealand, Hindhope Jed was already in pup to Captain, another of the then new "Border" strain. Hindhope Jed had won three trials in her native Scotland, and was considered to be the "best to cross the equator".[29]

In 1901 the King and Mcleod stud, created by Charles Beechworth King (b. 1855, Murrumbidgee, NSW), his brother and Alec McLeod at Canonbar, near Nyngan (north-west of Sydney), brought Hindhope Jed to Australia, where she enjoyed considerable success at sheep dog trials.

Breed standards

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Blue Merle Border Collie puppy at fourteen weeks demonstrating stereotyped breed-specific behaviors including eye (gaze and lowered stance); this dog's eyes are different colours, which is not uncommon in merles

There are two types of tests, or standards, to determine the breeding quality of a Border Collie: the original ISDS sheepdog trial and appearance.

ISDS Sheepdog Trial

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The original test is the ISDS sheepdog trial. It is still used today, where a dog and handler collect groups of livestock and move them quietly around a course. There are certain standard elements to this test depending on the level: national or international. For both levels, sheep must be gathered as calmly as possible without being distressed.[30] For a national competition, normally held between England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, trials run over a 400 yard course.[31] International courses use a 400 yard course for the qualifying trials, but on the third and final day, trials are held in a course of 800 yards.[31] The international test involves a "double fetch", where the sheepdog must gather ten sheep from 800 yards away, bring them on an angle to the center of the field, and then be sent back in another direction to gather another ten sheep, also placed 800 yards from the handler. Five of those twenty sheep will have collars on, and at the end of a triangular drive, the sheep are gathered into a circular "shedding ring" and the 15 sheep without collars driven away as the five collared sheep are kept inside the ring and then penned.[30][32] Sheepdogs must be directed through obstacles at varying distance from the handler, and then the dog must demonstrate the ability to do work close at hand by penning the sheep and sorting them out.[33]

Appearance

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In nearly every region of the world, the Border Collie is now also a breed which is shown in ring or bench shows. For the people who participate in these events, the Border Collie is defined by the breed standard, which is a description of how the dog should look. In New Zealand and Australia, where the breed has been shown throughout most of the twentieth century, the Border Collie standards have produced a dog with the longer double coat (smooth coats are allowed), a soft dark eye, a body slightly longer than tall, a well-defined stop, as well as a gentle and friendly temperament. This style of Border Collie has become popular in winning show kennels around the world, as well as among prestigious judges.

Its breed standards state that in a show its tail must be slightly curved and must stop at the hock. The fur must be lush. It should show good expression in its eyes, and must be intelligent. It is energetic with most commonly a black and white coat. It should have a very strong herding instinct.

Criticism as show dogs

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Other enthusiasts oppose the use of Border Collies as show dogs, for fear that breeding for appearance will lead to a decline in the breed's working dog traits. Few handlers of working Border Collies participate in conformation shows, as working dogs are bred to a performance standard rather than appearance standard. Likewise, conformation-bred dogs are seldom seen on the sheepdog trial field, except in Kennel Club-sponsored events. Dogs registered with either working or conformation based registries are seen in other performance events such as agility, obedience, tracking or flyball; however, these dogs do not necessarily conform to the breed standard of appearance as closely as the dogs shown in the breed rings as this is not a requirement in performance events, nor do they necessarily participate in herding activities.

Registries

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United Kingdom

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In the UK, there are two separate registries for Border Collies. The International Sheep Dog Society[34] encourages breeding for herding ability, whereas the Kennel Club (UK) encourages breeding for a standardised appearance. The ISDS registry is by far the older of the two, and ISDS dogs are eligible for registration as pedigree Border Collies with the Kennel Club (KC) — but not vice versa. The only way for a Border Collie without an ISDS pedigree to be added to the ISDS registry is by proving its worth as a herding dog so that it can be Registered on Merit (ROM).

United States

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One of the principal registries for Border Collies in the United States is the American Border Collie Association (ABCA), which is dedicated to the preservation of the traditional working dog.[35] The breed was also recognised in 1994 by the American Kennel Club (AKC) after occupying the AKC's Miscellaneous Class for over 50 years. The recognition was under protest[36] from the majority of Border Collie affiliated groups, such as the United States Border Collie Club, which felt that emphasis on the breed's working skills would be lost under AKC recognition. AKC registrations have gradually increased since recognition and by the year 2004 there were 1,984 new AKC registrations of Border Collies, with a further 2,378 for the year 2005.[37] By contrast, the American Border Collie Association registers approximately 20,000 Border Collies annually.[38] Because of the inherent tension between the goals of breeding to a working standard and to an appearance standard, the American Border Collie Association voted in 2003 that dogs who attained a conformation championship would be delisted from the ABCA registry, regardless of ability. Cross-registration is allowed between the working registries, and AKC accepts dogs registered with ABCA and NASDS, but none of the working registries in the U.S. honors AKC pedigrees.

Australia

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In Australia, Border Collies are registered with an Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) affiliated state control body or with a working dog registry. Between 2,011 and 2,701 ANKC pedigreed Border Collies have been registered with the ANKC each year since 1986.[39] Inclusion on the ANKC affiliate's main register allows Border Collies to compete in conformation, obedience, agility, tracking, herding and other ANKC-sanctioned events held by an ANKC affiliated club, while inclusion on the limited register prohibits entry in conformation events. The ANKC provides a breed standard; however, this applies to conformation events only and has no influence on dogs entering in performance events. Non-ANKC pedigreed dogs may also be eligible for inclusion on an ANKC associate or sporting register and be able to compete in ANKC performance or herding events. Agility organisations such as the Agility Dog Association of Australia (ADAA) have their own registry which allows the inclusion of any dog wishing to compete in their events.

Canada

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In Canada, Agriculture Canada has recognised the Canadian Border Collie Association[40] as the registry under the Animal Pedigree Act for any Border Collie that is designated as "Pure Breed" in Canada.

The criteria used are based on herding lineage rather than appearance. It is a two-tiered registry in that dogs imported that are registered with a foreign Kennel Club that does hold conformation shows are given a "B" registration, whereas those that come directly from other working registries are placed on the "A" registry.

Recently, the Canadian Kennel Club has polled its members to decide if Border Collies should be included on the CKC "Miscellaneous List". This designation would allow Border Collie owners the ability to compete in all CKC events, but the CKC would not be the registering body. People who compete in performance events support the move. The CBCA is against this designation.

South Africa

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The registration of working sheepdogs in South Africa is the responsibility of the South African Sheepdog Association. ISDS registered dogs imported into the country can be transferred onto the SASDA register. Dogs not registered can become eligible for registration by being awarded a certificate of working ability by a registered judge. Occasionally they will facilitate the testing of dogs used for breeding, for Hip dysplasia and Collie eye anomaly, to encourage the breeding of dogs without these genetic flaws.

Turkey

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The registration of working Border Collies in Turkey is the province of the Border Collie Dernegi (Turkish Border Collie Association)[41] established in 2007.

Elsewhere

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File:Blonde Border Collie.jpg
Blonde Border Collie

The Border Collie breed is also recognised as the prime sheep dog by the International Stock Dog Federation (ISDF),[42] based in Piccadilly, London, UK.

Activities

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Border Collies are one of the most popular breeds for dog agility competitions. They also excel at competitive obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and USBCHA Sheepdog trials and herding events.[43]

Livestock work

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The Border Collie uses a direct stare at sheep, known as "the eye", to intimidate while herding
 
Border Collie herding
 
Australian Red Border Collie
 
A working Border Collie helps to illustrate the significant variation in appearance
Chocolate merles
Chocolate merle female (left) and chocolate male (right)

Working Border Collies can take direction by voice and by whistle at long distances when herding. Their great energy and herding instinct are still used to herd all kinds of animals, from the traditional sheep and cattle, to free range poultry, pigs, and ostriches. They are also used to remove unwanted wild birds from airport runways, golf courses, and other public and private areas.

The use of dogs for herding sheep makes good economic sense for many farmers. In a typical pasture environment each trained sheepdog will do the work of three humans. In vast arid areas like the Australian Outback or the Karoo Escarpment, the number increases to five or more. Attempts to replace them with mechanical approaches to herding have only achieved a limited amount of success. Thus, stock handlers find trained dogs more reliable and economical. [citation needed]

Shepherds in the UK have taken the most critical elements of herding and incorporated them into a sheepdog trial. The first recorded sheepdog trials were held in Bala, North Wales, in 1873.[44] These competitions enable farmers and shepherds to evaluate possible mates for their working dogs, but they have developed a sport aspect as well, with competitors from outside the farming community also taking part.

In the USA, the national sanctioning body for these competitions is the USBCHA.[45] In the UK it is the International Sheep Dog Society, in Canada the Canadian Border Collie Association (CBCA)[46] and in South Africa it is the South African Sheepdog Association.

Dog sports

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Border Collies excel at several dog sports in addition to their success in sheepdog trials. Because of the high instinct of herding, they are excellent at this sport. Herding instincts and trainability can be tested for when introduced to sheep or at noncompetitive instinct tests. Border Collies exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in sheepdog trials and other herding events.[43] They perform well at some higher jump heights at dog agility competitions, so much so that in England, competitions often include classes for ABC dogs, "Anything But Collies".[47]

The Border Collie's speed, agility, and stamina have allowed them to dominate in dog activities like flyball and disc dog competitions. Their trainability has also given them a berth in dog dancing competitions.

Border Collies have a highly developed sense of smell and with their high drive make excellent and easily motivated tracking dogs for Tracking trials.[48] These trials simulate the finding of a lost person in a controlled situation where the performance of the dog can be evaluated, with titles awarded for successful dogs.

Notable animals

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Border Collies of note include:

  • Rico, who was studied for recognising up to 200 objects by name. Another Border Collie, Betsy, was found to have a vocabulary of over 300 words.[49]
  • As of 2010, the Border Collie Chaser has a vocabulary of 1022 words and is able to recognise objects by the groups they belong to.[50]
  • Shep, who was the long-term companion to John Noakes of the BBC's Blue Peter and Meg, companion of Matt Baker, former presenter of the same show.
  • Striker, who is the current Guinness World Record holder for "Fastest Car Window Opened by a Dog" at 11.34 seconds.[51]
  • Jean, a.k.a. the Vitagraph Dog who was the first canine movie star (owned and trained by Laurence Trimble)
  • Rex and Fly are two Border Collies that appeared in the Academy Award winning 1995 film, Babe and, partially, in the sequel Babe: Pig in the City.
  • Jag, the "First Dog" of Montana, frequently accompanies Governor Brian Schweitzer.
  • Bandit, the stray Scottish border collie from TV series Little House on the Prairie was Laura Ingalls' second dog on the show. Laura was reluctant to make friends with Bandit as she missed first dog Jack, but she soon loved Bandit dearly. Bandit premiered in the second season of the show and remained a steady extra for the next three seasons.
  • Murray, Border Collie Mix in the TV show Mad About You.[52]
  • Mist and other dogs, including Jake, of Borough Farm [9] on Windcutter Down in England. They were featured in two books by author and owner David Kinnard and starred in a series of television films and weekly programs called "Mist: Sheepdog Tales" [10] on BBC television, several of which are available in the US.
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  • The primary character of the New Zealand comic strip Footrot Flats and the 1986 animated film adaptation Footrot Flats: The Dog's Tail Tale is a working Border Collie named "Dog". Although the strip featured numerous human and farm animal characters it was told from the Dog's point of view.
  • In the film, Babe, the piglet Babe is adopted by a working Border Collie named Fly (voiced by Miriam Margoyles) and taught by her to herd sheep.
  • In the 1970s ITV series of The Famous Five, Timmy the dog was portrayed by a border collie.
  • In Mr. Pickles, the titular character is a border collie with demon-like powers.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Coren, Stanley (1995). The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide To The Thoughts, Emotions, And Inner Lives Of Our Canine Companions. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-37452-4.
  2. ^ a b "American Kennel Club - Border Collie". Akc.org. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  3. ^ [1][dead link]
  4. ^ "About Border Collies". American Border Collie Association. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  5. ^ a b c "A Border Collie Warning". Bcrescue.org. 2005-09-18. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  6. ^ Coren, Stanley (2005). The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives of Our Canine Companions (Paperback). The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-8087-7.
  7. ^ "Border collie comprehends over 1,000 object names". physorg.com.
  8. ^ "Border Collie Breaks Vocabulary Record". DNews.
  9. ^ "Border Collie – a problem dog!?". planethund.com. Retrieved 2014-11-10.
  10. ^ "Your Purebred Puppy: Border Collie".
  11. ^ a b "Summary Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey for Border Collies" (PDF), Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee, 2004, retrieved 2010-04-03
  12. ^ http://users.pullman.com/lostriver/weight_and_lifespan.htm Dog Longevity Web Site, Weight and Longevity page. Compiled by K. M. Cassidee. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  13. ^ Health and Genetics of Border Collies – A Breeder and Buyer's Guide 2002 www.americanbordercollie.org. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  14. ^ Collie Eye Anomaly / Choroidal Hypoplasia (CEA) Test www.optigen.com. October 27, 2005. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  15. ^ http://www.bordercolliesociety.com/BC_Info/Health_Info/deafness.htm
  16. ^ "Dog disease gets the bite". Science.unsw.edu.au. 2005. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  17. ^ TNS Research Update bordercolliehealth.com. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  18. ^ Ackerman, Lowell (2011). The Genetic Connection: A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs. American Animal Hospital Association Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-58326-157-6. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  19. ^ Border Collie Collapse Retrieved 25-09-2013
  20. ^ McCulloch, John Herries (1952). Border Collie studies. WSN (Maps and Plans). ISBN 978-1-85829-066-9.
  21. ^ Collie Breed History Lee Weston, www.barkbytes.com. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  22. ^ a b "About the Border Collie". Allbordercollies.com. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  23. ^ "Border Collie Database". Db.kennel.dk. 2002-08-08. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  24. ^ http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TC18580611.2.4&srpos=10 Colonist, Issue 67, 11 June 1858, Page 2, Papers Past, National Library, Retrieved 29 August 2012
  25. ^ Lilico, James (1920). The breeding and training of sheep dogs. Invercargill, New Zealand: Southland News. ISBN 3-540-63293-X.
  26. ^ [2] Historical Sheepdog Trials, www.hartingdale.com.au. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  27. ^ [3] Origisa and history of the Australian working kelpie
  28. ^ [4] www.rootsweb.com posting. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  29. ^ [5] Border Collie Breed Information, by Kelly Whiteman. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
  30. ^ a b "Sheep Welfare". International Sheepdog Society. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  31. ^ a b "What is a Sheepdog Trial?". International Sheepdog Association. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  32. ^ "ISDS Trials: Format and Rules". International Sheepdog Society. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  33. ^ "ISDS Trials: National Singles Course". International Sheepdog Society. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  34. ^ The International Sheep Dog Society. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  35. ^ American Border Collie Association www.americanbordercollie.org.
  36. ^ The AKC Controversy www.bordercollie.org. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  37. ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". Akc.org. 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  38. ^ American Border Collie Association News www.americanbordercollie.org. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  39. ^ National Registration Statistics Australian National Kennel Association. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  40. ^ Canadian Border Collie Association www.canadianbordercollies.org. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  41. ^ Border Collie Dernegi Turkish Border Collie Association. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  42. ^ International Stock Dog Federation (ISDF). Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  43. ^ a b Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.
  44. ^ [6][dead link]
  45. ^ Official Page of the USBCHA. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  46. ^ Canadian Border Collie Association. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  47. ^ "KC ABC Agility Semi-Finals". Agilitynet.co.uk. 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  48. ^ "Border Collie". Justusdogs.com.au. Retrieved 2010-09-13.[dead link]
  49. ^ Morell, Virginia (March 2008). "National Geographic: Animal Minds". Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  50. ^ [7]. www.bbc.co.uk/science-environment
  51. ^ Fastest Car Window Opened by a Dog www.guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
  52. ^ [8] www.tvacres.com/dogs_collies_bandit.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
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